Controlling advanced symptoms of cervical Cancer
英国医学essay代写 Patients with advanced cancer may be unable to urinate and become extremely ill as a result of a waterlogged kidney.
Meaning of Advanced Cancer
Cervical cancer is a cancer that occurs at the entrance to the uterus. It is currently rated as the most common type of cancer in women worldwide. This type of cancer is usually caused by human papilloma virus (HPV) (Walboomers et al, 1999).
HPV Virus
Cervix cancer
Sometimes, cervical cancer develops to a point where it is difficult to cure. Despite receiving a lot of treatment for a long time, cervical cancer may reach a point where it keeps on coming back in the abdomen and in the pelvis. Difficulties in curing cancer also occur where it has spread from the cervix to other parts of the body. This is known as metastasis (meaning secondary cancer). Metastasis is brought about by a spread of cervical cancer cells to other parts of the body through blood stream or lymph nodes and they start to grow there. Lymph node is a chain that runs from the groin (Walboomers et al, 1999).
Usually, when cervical cancer starts to spread to other parts of the body, it spreads to the lungs, liver or bones. In some cases, it spreads to the uterus. At that point, the cancer is said to have developed to an advanced stage (Walboomers et al, 1999)
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晚期癌症的意义
宫颈癌是发生在子宫入口处的癌症。它目前被评为全球女性中最常见的癌症类型。这种类型的癌症通常由人乳头瘤病毒 (HPV) 引起（Walboomers 等，1999）。
HPV病毒
宫颈癌
有时，宫颈癌会发展到难以治愈的程度。尽管长期接受大量治疗，宫颈癌可能会达到一个不断复发的程度，即在腹部和骨盆中复发。当癌症从子宫颈扩散到身体的其他部位时，也会出现治愈癌症的困难。这被称为转移（意味着继发性癌症）。转移是由宫颈癌细胞通过血流或淋巴结扩散到身体其他部位引起的，它们开始在那里生长。淋巴结是一条从腹股沟开始的链（Walboomers 等，1999）。
通常，当宫颈癌开始扩散到身体的其他部位时，它会扩散到肺、肝或骨骼。在某些情况下，它会扩散到子宫。那时，据说癌症已经发展到晚期（Walboomers 等，1999）
Available Treatments
Advanced cancer is usually treated using radiotherapy, chemotherapy or surgery. The choice of treatment depends on treatment that has already been given, where the cancer has spread, number and size of secondaries and the health of the patient (how the patient can respond to a particular treatment) (Vistad et al, 2011). A patient may also take part in trials of experimental treatments such as trials for new types of treatment and for new chemotherapy drugs.
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可用的治疗 英国医学essay代写
晚期癌症通常使用放射疗法、化学疗法或手术治疗。 治疗的选择取决于已经进行的治疗、癌症扩散的位置、继发性的数量和大小以及患者的健康状况（患者如何对特定治疗做出反应）（Vistad 等，2011）。 患者还可以参加实验性治疗的试验，例如新型治疗和新化疗药物的试验。
Deciding about Choice of Treatment
It can be difficult for a patient with advanced cancer to decide about the choice of treatment to have or whether to have treatment at all. It is essential for a patient to get clear understanding of how each kind of treatment will affect her (the side effects). Most importantly, a patient needs to understand what is likely to be achieved by each kind of treatment. Information about the treatments is usually given to a patient by doctors and recommendations given. It is also essential for a patient to seek advice from specialist nurses and councillors (Robert et al, 2009). It is also helpful to discuss the issue with a close relative and a friend. A patient may also talk with someone who is outside family circle or friend, such as cancer information nurses or specialists in cervical cancer organizations (Robert et al, 2009).
Seek enough advice
In most cases, treatment will be based on the symptoms that appear. It is therefore vital for a patient to give full information to doctors regarding symptoms.
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决定治疗的选择 英国医学essay代写
晚期癌症患者可能难以决定接受治疗的选择或是否接受治疗。患者必须清楚地了解每种治疗将如何影响她（副作用）。最重要的是，患者需要了解每种治疗可能达到的效果。有关治疗的信息通常由医生提供给患者并给出建议。患者向专科护士和顾问寻求建议也很重要（Robert 等，2009）。与近亲和朋友讨论这个问题也很有帮助。患者还可以与家庭圈子或朋友之外的人交谈，例如癌症信息护士或宫颈癌组织的专家（罗伯特等，2009）。
寻求足够的建议
在大多数情况下，治疗将基于出现的症状。因此，患者必须向医生提供有关症状的完整信息
Treatments for Different Symptoms
Radiotherapy
Radiotherapy can be used to control pain and to shrink lung secondaries. Usually, patients with advanced cancer feel pain in various parts of the body including bones, legs and back (Klee et al, 2000). This is usually caused by tumours that are growing inside the bones or are pressing on nerves. Doctors can use radiotherapy to shrink the tumours.
Instruments for radiation treatment of cervical cancer
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不同症状的治疗 英国医学essay代写
放射治疗
放疗可用于控制疼痛和缩小肺继发性。 通常，晚期癌症患者会感到身体各个部位的疼痛，包括骨骼、腿部和背部（Klee 等，2000）。 这通常是由在骨骼内生长或压迫神经的肿瘤引起的。 医生可以使用放疗来缩小肿瘤。
宫颈癌放射治疗仪器
Surgery for a Blockage
Sometimes, cancer may grow around a patient’s bowel where it is likely to cause blockage. This makes it difficult to pass the waste that passes through the bowel. If this happens, a patient feels bloated, sick, constipated, feels pain in the abdomen and vomits in large amounts. In such cases, surgery may be suggested by a doctor in order to clear the bowel. An operation may be carried out to remove the blockage or a bypass be created making a colostomy (Robert et al, 2009). However, this can only be carried out to patients who are fit enough to have an operation. A patient may also need to consider how getting over the operation will make her feel. In other words, it is essential that surgery be carried out where its benefits outweigh discomfort. Sometimes, surgery may be replaced with a tube known as stent that allows waste to pass along the bowel. As well, drugs such as octreotide may be used to minimize the impact of blocked bowel instead of surgery (Robert et al, 2009).
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堵塞手术 英国医学essay代写
有时，癌症可能会在患者肠道周围生长，并可能导致堵塞。这使得通过肠道的废物难以排出。如果发生这种情况，患者会感到腹胀、恶心、便秘、腹部疼痛并大量呕吐。在这种情况下，医生可能会建议进行手术以清除肠道。可以进行手术以去除阻塞或创建旁路以进行结肠造口术（Robert 等，2009）。但是，这只能对身体状况良好可以进行手术的患者进行。患者可能还需要考虑完成手术后的感受。换句话说，必须在好处大于不适的情况下进行手术。有时，手术可能会被称为支架的管子取代，该管子允许废物沿肠道通过。同样，可以使用诸如奥曲肽之类的药物来最小化肠阻塞而不是手术的影响（Robert 等，2009）。
Surgery treatment for advanced cervical cancer
Treating Waterlogged Kidney
Patients with advanced cancer may be unable to urinate and become extremely ill as a result of a waterlogged kidney. This occurs when a growing tumour blocks one or both of the tubes of kidney bladder. As a result, the urine in the kidney cannot pass out. The kidney becomes overloaded with urine, which may lead to its failure if not treated in time. A doctor may treat this by putting in a tube through the blockage to drain the urine into the bladder or may put a tube called nephrostomy to drain the urine into a bag outside the body (Robert et al, 2009).
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晚期宫颈癌的手术治疗 英国医学essay代写
治疗肾积水
晚期癌症患者可能因肾脏积水而无法排尿并病情严重。 当生长的肿瘤阻塞肾膀胱的一根或两根管时，就会发生这种情况。 结果，肾脏中的尿液无法排出。 肾脏因尿液过多而变得超负荷，如果不及时治疗，可能会导致其衰竭。 医生可能会通过将管子穿过堵塞物将尿液排入膀胱来治疗这种情况，或者可能会放置一根称为肾造口术的管子将尿液排入体外的袋子中（罗伯特等，2009）。
Bladder cancer
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy treatment is used to stop the growth of cancer for some months and even years in some cases. It is used where cervix cancer has not spread to other parts of the body. Shrinking cancer using chemotherapy may help to control symptoms. However, the results of chemotherapy cannot be predicted and it is still being researched (Matthews et al 2007).
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膀胱癌
化疗
在某些情况下，化学疗法用于阻止癌症的生长几个月甚至几年。 它用于宫颈癌尚未扩散到身体其他部位的情况。 使用化疗缩小癌症可能有助于控制症状。 然而，化疗的结果无法预测并且仍在研究中（Matthews 等人 2007）。
Instrument for chemotherapy treatment of cervical cancer
Other treatments for particular symptoms
Symptoms such as pain and sickness may also be treated using other drugs such as pain killers. However, it is essential for a patient to inform a specialist nurse or a doctor about the symptoms in order to get the right drugs. Informing specialists and doctors will also give a chance for a patient to get emotional support (Bruera, 2005).
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宫颈癌化疗治疗仪
特殊症状的其他治疗
也可以使用其他药物（如止痛药）治疗疼痛和疾病等症状。 然而，为了获得正确的药物，患者必须将症状告知专科护士或医生。 通知专家和医生也将为患者提供获得情感支持的机会（Bruera，2005）。
References 英国医学essay代写
Bruera, E. (2005). Symptom control and communication issues in advanced cervical cancer
Gynecologic Oncology, 99(3), pp. 219 – S220
Klee, M. Thranov I. & Machin D. (2000) . The Patients’ Perspective on Physical Symptoms after
Radiotherapy for Cervical Cancer. Gynecologic Oncology, 76(1), pp. 14 – 23
Matthews K. S., Rocconi, R. P. & Straughn, J. (2007). Complete uterine necrosis following
chemoradiation for advanced cervical cancer: A case report. Gynecologic Oncology, 106(1), pp. 265 – 267 英国医学essay代写
Robert, K. Oldham, R. O. (2009). Principles of cancer biotherapy (5th ed.). Dordrecht:
Springer.
Vistad, I. et al (2011). A study of chronic pelvic pain after radiotherapy in survivors of locally
advanced cervical cancer. Journal of Cancer Survivorship. 5(2), pp. 208 – 216
Walboomers J. M., Jacobs M. V, Manos, M. M. (1999). Human papillomavirus is a necessary
ca.use of invasive cervical cancer worldwide”. J. Pathol. 189 (1) Pp. 12–9.
