Enzyme Applications in Industry
Enzyme Applications代写 The dairy industry uses enzymes to breakdown lactose in milk, especially for those who suffer from lactose intolerance.
The dairy industry uses enzymes to breakdown lactose in milk, especially for those who suffer from lactose intolerance.
Explain in detail the enzymes involved, the reactions catalyzed, and the improvement in the product.
Dairy industry is known as the traditional user of enzymes. Renet is one of the best-known enzymes in dairy industry. Some other enzymes that are used frequently in dairy industry are lipase, lactase, and lysozyme.
Lactose refers to sugar in milk or other dairy products. Lactase is made within the small intestine and it helps in the digestion of lactose. Sometimes small intestine stops producing lactase that is used to digest lactose within the dairy milk which leads to lactose intolerance. So, the primary function of lactase is to break down the lactose which exists in our food so that our body can easily absorb it.
By structure, lactose is a disaccharide sugar which is further composed of two sugars galactose a six-sided molecule and glucose another six-sided molecule. This lactose is broken down into two monosaccharide components. Sucrose is another sugar made up of fructose and glucose which makes it a five-sided molecule. The conversion of lactose into glucose and galactose is catalyzed by lactase (Whitehurst & Law, n.d.).
译文：
乳制品行业使用酶来分解牛奶中的乳糖，特别是对于那些患有乳糖不耐症的人。 Enzyme Applications代写
详细解释所涉及的酶、催化的反应以及产品的改进。
乳制品行业被称为酶的传统使用者。 Renet 是乳制品行业最著名的酶之一。乳制品工业中经常使用的其他一些酶是脂肪酶、乳糖酶和溶菌酶。
乳糖是指牛奶或其他乳制品中的糖分。乳糖酶是在小肠内产生的，它有助于乳糖的消化。有时小肠会停止产生用于消化牛奶中乳糖的乳糖酶，从而导致乳糖不耐症。因此，乳糖酶的主要功能是分解食物中存在的乳糖，使我们的身体可以轻松吸收。
从结构上讲，乳糖是一种二糖，它进一步由两种糖组成，半乳糖是一个六面分子，葡萄糖是另一个六面分子。这种乳糖被分解成两种单糖成分。蔗糖是另一种由果糖和葡萄糖组成的糖，这使其成为一个五边分子。乳糖转化为葡萄糖和半乳糖是由乳糖酶催化的 (Whitehurst & Law, n.d.)。
Discuss why they are being used – more efficient, higher yields or less waste?
Lactase is a transmembrane protein found in enterocytes or intestinal epithelial cells. Lactase is used in the dairy industry for the more efficient digestion among the people with lactose intolerance. When lactase breaks lactose into galactose and glucose, these constituent sugars are used in ATP manufacturing and also used in cellular processes. Some people face lactose intolerance, therefore they need to intake lactose-free milk. For this purpose, lactase is already added to the milk. This lactase then breaks the lactose into galactose and glucose which are then easier to absorb. If this lactose is not broken down by lactase in lactose-intolerant people it goes into the large intestine. In the large intestine, a high concentration of lactose causes an osmotic gradient.
As a result, a large volume of water goes into the gut.
This excess water causes diarrhea and sometimes cramping. Moreover, if lactose is not broken in the small intestine it is consumed by bacteria in the large intestine. Some of these bacteria instigate a sugar fermentation process and produce ATP. The large gaseous products are produced as a result of fermentation such as carbon dioxide, methane and hydrogen. Around 65 percent of human beings and all mammals experience this reduced lactase biosynthesis after weaning. Only 35 percent of people have small intestine which produces lactase thus they keep on consuming milk throughout their life. Such people have lactase persistence, thereby, lactase is produced continuously at high levels. Sixty-five percent of people stop consuming milk after weaning. Therefore, the energy that was being used in the biosynthesis of lactase has now been saved which refers to cellular energetics (Enzymes and Reaction Rates, n.d.).
译文：
讨论为什么使用它们——更高效、更高产量或更少浪费？ Enzyme Applications代写
乳糖酶是一种存在于肠细胞或肠上皮细胞中的跨膜蛋白。乳糖酶用于乳制品行业，以提高乳糖不耐症人群的消化效率。当乳糖酶将乳糖分解成半乳糖和葡萄糖时，这些成分糖用于 ATP 制造，也用于细胞过程。有些人面临乳糖不耐症，因此他们需要摄入无乳糖牛奶。为此，已将乳糖酶添加到牛奶中。然后这种乳糖酶将乳糖分解成半乳糖和葡萄糖，然后更容易吸收。如果这种乳糖在乳糖不耐受人群中不被乳糖酶分解，就会进入大肠。在大肠中，高浓度的乳糖会导致渗透梯度。
结果，大量的水进入肠道。
这种过量的水会导致腹泻，有时还会引起痉挛。此外，如果乳糖在小肠中没有被破坏，它就会被大肠中的细菌消耗掉。其中一些细菌会引发糖发酵过程并产生 ATP。大量气体产物是发酵的结果，例如二氧化碳、甲烷和氢气。大约 65% 的人类和所有哺乳动物在断奶后都会经历这种乳糖酶生物合成的减少。只有 35% 的人有产生乳糖酶的小肠，因此他们一生都在喝牛奶。这类人具有乳糖酶的持久性，因此，乳糖酶会持续高水平地产生。 65% 的人在断奶后停止喝牛奶。因此，用于乳糖酶生物合成的能量现在已被节省，这是指细胞能量学（酶和反应速率，未注明日期）。
What was used before enzymes if anything?
Lactase is an essential enzyme without any alternate to breakdown lactose into sugars. However, people with lactose intolerance were using almond milk, and coconut milk etc. that has a look and feel of a milk with less proteins and more fiber and vitamin D (DNAFit, n.d.).
Risk to living systems
Lactase supplements often lead to the development of rashes, shortness of breath, hives, dizziness, rapid heart rate, etc. Thus, they should be taken after consulting a doctor. Lactose intolerance can be managed by taking small portions of dairy products, by taking lactase enzyme tablets, by taking probiotics and other lactose-free products (Michigan State University, n.d.).
The importance of lactase can never be undermined as it is the most imperative enzyme which helps in the digestion of dairy products. There are many factors behind lactase deficiency besides weaning. It is also caused due to celiac disease, gastroenteritis and Crohn’s disease. Sometimes a prolonged intake of antibiotics, chemotherapy and radiation, or malnutrition also cause decreased production of lactase in the human body. Another reason for lactose intolerance could be an irreversible genetic disorder which is called congenital alactasia. In this disease, an infant does not possess the ability to produce lactase. Such infants are not given breastfeed. They do not consume regular formula milk. They intake a special kind of lactose-free formula which is easily digestible (Canadian Society of Intestinal Research, n.d.).
译文：
如果有的话，在酶之前使用了什么？ Enzyme Applications代写
乳糖酶是一种必不可少的酶，无法将乳糖分解成糖类。然而，乳糖不耐症的人使用杏仁奶和椰奶等，它们的外观和感觉就像是蛋白质较少、纤维和维生素 D 较多的牛奶（DNAFit，未注明日期）。
对生命系统的风险
乳糖酶补充剂通常会导致皮疹、呼吸急促、荨麻疹、头晕、心率加快等的发展。因此，应在咨询医生后服用。乳糖不耐症可以通过服用少量乳制品、服用乳糖酶片、服用益生菌和其他不含乳糖的产品来控制（密歇根州立大学，日期不详）。
乳糖酶的重要性永远不会被削弱，因为它是最重要的酶，有助于乳制品的消化。除了断奶之外，乳糖酶缺乏的背后还有很多因素。它也是由乳糜泻、胃肠炎和克罗恩病引起的。有时，长期服用抗生素、化疗和放疗或营养不良也会导致人体内乳糖酶的产生减少。乳糖不耐症的另一个原因可能是一种不可逆的遗传性疾病，称为先天性乳糖不耐症。在这种疾病中，婴儿不具备产生乳糖酶的能力。此类婴儿不接受母乳喂养。他们不食用普通配方奶。他们摄入一种易于消化的特殊无乳糖配方（加拿大肠道研究协会，未注明日期）。
Discuss the impact of the process on society.
Today, lactase is being utilized commercially in the preparation of lactose-free products, or dairy products. Contemporarily, it is being used in the manufacturing of ice creams and makes a product creamy and sweet. Lactase is used in yogurt production. The bacterial cells in the small intestine protect the bacterial lactase physically from the acidic secretions of the stomach. They are also facilitated by the buffering ability of the yogurt. The flavored lactase has low lactase activity as compared to the unflavored yogurts. That is why the lactose in yogurt is digested efficiently than the lactose in other dairy products (Savaiano, 2014).
Concern on Bio-application
Lactase supplements have made life easier for the people who are suffering from lactose intolerance. The consumption of dairy products is necessary to meet the nutrient requirement of the body. Milk prevents osteoporosis in old age. It protects a person from various diseases due to its high level of natural nutrients. Lactase enzyme protect people from indigestion of milk.
译文：
讨论该过程对社会的影响。 Enzyme Applications代写
今天，乳糖酶被商业用于制备无乳糖产品或乳制品。目前，它被用于制造冰淇淋并使产品变得奶油味和甜味。乳糖酶用于酸奶生产。小肠中的细菌细胞在物理上保护细菌乳糖酶免受胃酸性分泌物的影响。酸奶的缓冲能力也促进了它们。与未调味的酸奶相比，调味的乳糖酶具有较低的乳糖酶活性。这就是为什么酸奶中的乳糖比其他乳制品中的乳糖更容易消化的原因（Savaiano，2014）。
关注生物应用
乳糖酶补充剂使患有乳糖不耐症的人的生活更轻松。乳制品的消费是必要的，以满足身体的营养需求。牛奶可以预防老年骨质疏松症。由于其高水平的天然营养素，它可以保护人们免受各种疾病的侵害。乳糖酶保护人们免受牛奶消化不良的影响。
References Enzyme Applications代写
Canadian Society of Intestinal Research. (n.d.). Lactose Intolerance. Retrieved from https://badgut.org/information-centre/a-z-digestive-topics/lactose-intolerance/
Enzymes and Reaction Rates. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www2.nau.edu/lrm22/lessons/enzymes/enzymes.html#:~:text=With%20the%20aid%20of%20the,products%20and%20are%20lactose%20intolerant.
Michigan State University. (n.d.). Cell Biology. Retrieved from https://www.evo-ed.org/Pages/Lactase/cellbio.html#:~:text=The%20enzyme%20Lactase%20is%20a,manufacturing%20and%20other%20cellular%20processes.
Savaiano, D. (2014). Lactose digestion from yogurt: mechanism and relevance. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.
Whitehurst , R., & Law , B. (n.d.). Application of Enzymes in the Dairy Industry. Retrieved from Creative Enzymes: https://www.creative-enzymes.com/resource/application-of-enzymes-in-the-dairy-industry_65.html
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