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迷幻药的影响代写 Psychedelics, also referred to as hallucinogens are a category of drugs that drastically alter perception and consciousness.
Psychedelics and Their Effects on the Senses and Perception 迷幻药的影响代写
Introduction
Psychedelics, also referred to as hallucinogens are a category of drugs that drastically alter perception and consciousness. Unlike cocaine or heroin, psychedelics like psilocybin, N, N – Dimethyltryptamine, LSD, mescaline, ibogaine, and are neither habit-forming nor physically harmful. Yet they are regard as dangerous, alarming, and usually proscribed. The phrase psychedelic, meaning, mind-manifesting, was invented in the 1950s during a brief fervor for chemical self-discoveries. It followed that in the mid-1960s, these substances were proscribed, and the mainstream trend for consciousness development ended abruptly.迷幻药的影响代写
In the following decades, the media reportedly associated psychedelics with wasted human potential, blown minds, as well as social chaos (Beyer 102).
The perception persists that to experiment in psychedelics, is tantamount to risking psychosis. In several shamanic tribal societies, plants that stimulate visions are the core of spiritual tradition and life. Tribes in Siberia, Africa, North and South America, and many different places presume that these plants are supernatural emissaries, or sentient beings. These cultures ascribe their medicine and music. Their cosmology and broad botanical understanding to the visions granted to them in psychedelic spell (Winkelman 209).迷幻药的影响代写
Numerous psychedelics are closely associated to common neurotransmitters or serotonin. Serotonin is alleged to perform scores of functions, such as helping in regulating sensory information. This is in regard to whether sense related data floods, trickles, pours, or flows into the brain. Mescaline, LSD, and Psilocybin are alkaloids that bear a resemblance to serotonin. The highly intoxicating hallucinogen N, N – Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is a very close to serotonin. The two have similar molecular structure with the differentiation of two atoms, see figure 1 below. Serotonin Selective Re-uptake Inhibitors (SSRIs), like the anti-depressants Zoloft and Prozac, check mood swings by regulating serotonin release. Psychedelics bond to numerous of the identical receptor sites as serotonin and comparable neurotransmitters. This is the principle foundation of their activity (Asher 1133).
Figure 1
Diagram A, depicts the chemical structure of the prototypical phenethylamine psychedelic 3, 4, 5- trimethoxyphenethylamine (mescaline).
Diagram B, depicts the representative tryptamine hallucinogen N, N-dimethyl-4- phosphoryloxytryptamine (psilocybin).
Diagram C, depicts the archetypal ergoline hallucinogen lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) (1135).
译文：
迷幻药及其对感官和知觉的影响 迷幻药的影响代写
介绍
迷幻药，也称为致幻剂，是一类能彻底改变知觉和意识的药物。与可卡因或海洛因不同，迷幻药如裸盖菇素、N、N – 二甲基色胺、LSD、麦斯卡林、伊波加因，既不会形成习惯，也不会对身体造成伤害。然而，它们被认为是危险的、令人震惊的，并且通常被禁止。迷幻、意思、精神表现这个短语是在 1950 年代对化学自我发现的短暂热情期间发明的。随后，在 1960 年代中期，这些物质被禁止，意识发展的主流趋势戛然而止。
在接下来的几十年里，据报道，媒体将迷幻药与浪费的人类潜力、精神错乱以及社会混乱联系在一起（Beyer 102）。
人们坚持认为，在迷幻药中进行实验，无异于冒着精神病的风险。在几个萨满部落社会中，刺激视觉的植物是精神传统和生活的核心。西伯利亚、非洲、北美洲和南美洲以及许多不同地方的部落都假定这些植物是超自然的使者或有情众生。这些文化将他们的医学和音乐、他们的宇宙学和广泛的植物学理解归因于迷幻咒语中授予他们的愿景（Winkelman 209）。
许多迷幻药与常见的神经递质或血清素密切相关。据称血清素具有多种功能，例如帮助调节感官信息。这与感官相关的数据是否泛滥、涓涓细流、倾泻或流入大脑有关。 Mescaline、LSD 和 Psilocybin 是与血清素相似的生物碱。高度令人陶醉的致幻剂 N, N – 二甲基色胺 (DMT) 与血清素非常接近。两者分子结构相似，但有两个原子的区别，见下图1。血清素选择性再摄取抑制剂 (SSRIs)，如抗抑郁药左洛复和百忧解，通过调节血清素释放来检查情绪波动。迷幻剂与许多相同的受体部位结合，如血清素和类似的神经递质。这是他们活动的主要基础（Asher 1133）。
图1
图 A 描绘了原型苯乙胺迷幻剂 3, 4, 5-三甲氧基苯乙胺（美斯卡林）的化学结构。
图 B 描绘了代表性的色胺致幻剂 N，N-二甲基-4-磷酸氧基色胺（裸盖菇素）。
图 C 描绘了原型麦角碱致幻剂麦角酸二乙酰胺 (LSD) (1135)。
HUMAN RESEARCH IN PSYCHEDELICS
In recent times, there has a upgrading of human research in psychedelics (classical hallucinogens). Although psychedelics are not comparatively dangerous physiologically and may be regarded as drugs of dependence, their administration involves unique psychological risks. The most probable risk is overwhelming anguish during drug activity, which may result in potentially hazardous behavior like as departure from the study site. The less common behavior is prolonged psychoses that would be triggered by the hallucinogens (Topping 22).迷幻药的影响代写
Protection against these dangers includes the ruling out of volunteers with family or personal record of psychotic disorders or related harsh psychiatric disorders, ascertaining trust as well as rapport between session volunteer and monitors and prior to the session, cautious volunteer training, a secure physical session atmosphere, as well as inter-personal support from a minimum of two study monitors in the course of the session. Investigators ought to probe for the moderately rare psychedelic persisting perception confusion in follow up contact. Persistent adverse reactions may be uncommon when research is performed along this procedure. Imprudent research may endanger participant safety as well as future research. However, vigilantly performed research would enlighten the management of psychiatric disorders, and would lead to progress in basic science (Strassman 45).
译文：
迷幻药的人类研究 迷幻药的影响代写
最近，人类对迷幻药（经典致幻剂）的研究有了升级。虽然迷幻药在生理上并不相对危险，可能被视为依赖药物，但它们的使用涉及独特的心理风险。最可能的风险是在药物活动期间极度痛苦，这可能导致潜在的危险行为，例如离开研究地点。不太常见的行为是由致幻剂引发的长期精神病（Topping 22）。
防范这些危险包括排除有精神病或相关严重精神障碍的家庭或个人记录的志愿者，确定会话志愿者与监督者之间的信任以及融洽关系，以及在会话之前，谨慎的志愿者培训，安全的身体会话氛围，以及在课程过程中来自至少两名研究监督员的人际支持。调查人员应该在后续接触中探索中等罕见的迷幻持续性知觉混乱。在此过程中进行研究时，持续的不良反应可能并不常见。不谨慎的研究可能危及参与者的安全以及未来的研究。然而，谨慎进行的研究会启发精神疾病的管理，并会导致基础科学的进步（Strassman 45）。
The administration of psychedelics in humans results in a distinctive profile of outcomes as well as potential unpleasant reactions that require being appropriately addressed so as to maximize safety.
Different threats are related to different classes of drugs, and human research in every class necessitates procedures put in place to deal with those particular threats. For instance,Since high doses of some sedative/hypnotics and opioids may bring about respiratory depression when carrying out research with huge doses of these drugs, it is important to monitor blood oxygen and/or respiration rate.迷幻药的影响代写
It follows that, assistance in mechanical breathing and appropriate medications for rescue are made readily available (Norton 12). As example is that the administration of psychomotor stimulants like cocaine in huge doses can result in cardiac stress. For that reason, electrocardiogram (ECG) readings that may be recorded during screening ought to be scrutinized watchfully, pulse as well as blood pressure is monitored in the course of the sessions. Medication for rescue in the event of acute hypertension ought to be immediately available. In the same way, human psychedelic administration involves its own distinctive risk profile. Sedative/hypnotics, unlike opioids or psychomotor stimulants, the principal safety concerns with psychedelic are in nature, mainly psychological rather than physiological (Boyer 12).
译文：
对人类施用致幻剂会导致不同的结果以及潜在的不愉快反应，需要适当解决以最大限度地提高安全性。
不同的威胁与不同类别的毒品有关，每个类别的人类研究都需要制定程序来应对这些特定威胁。例如，由于某些镇静剂/催眠药和阿片类药物在进行大剂量研究时可能会导致呼吸抑制，因此监测血氧和/或呼吸频率很重要。
因此，可以随时提供机械呼吸辅助和适当的救援药物（诺顿 12）。例如，大剂量服用可卡因等精神运动兴奋剂会导致心脏压力。出于这个原因，在筛选期间可能记录的心电图 (ECG) 读数应该仔细检查，在会话过程中监测脉搏和血压。发生急性高血压时的抢救药物应立即可用。同样，人类迷幻药的管理涉及其自身独特的风险状况。镇静/催眠药，与阿片类药物或精神运动兴奋剂不同，迷幻药的主要安全问题是本质上的，主要是心理上的而不是生理上的（博耶 12）。
Psychedelic Physiological Toxicity. 迷幻药的影响代写
It is essentials to note that, psychedelics generally possess moderately low physiological toxicity, and do not demonstrate resultant neuropsychological deficits or organ damage. Non-human animal research demonstrate that 3, 4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (structurally comparable to various classical psychedelics, but with a considerably special pharmacological mechanism of action) to possess neuro-toxic effects at huge doses, even though MDMA has been considered as secure for human administration in the perspective of some therapeutic as well as basic human research (Strassman 47).迷幻药的影响代写
On the contrary, there is no confirmation of such prospective neuro-toxic effects with the prototypical classical hallucinogens such as LSD, psilocybin, and mescaline. Some physiological signs might occur in the course of hallucinogen action, such as weakness, dizziness, tremors, drowsiness, nausea, paresthesia, dilated pupils, increased tendon reflexes, and blurred vision (Sacks 93). Additionally, psychedelics may reasonably increase pulse, including diastolic and systolic blood pressure. On the other hand, these somatic effects differ and are moderately not noteworthy even at doses that yield dominant psychological effects (cognitive, affective, and perceptual) (Beyer 115).
A complete discussion of the physiological toxicity issues for medical patient populations is outside the scope of this paper, however, a few clarifications are valuable to note. Early studies examining psychedelics in the treatment of depression and anxiety secondary to cancer demonstrated that classical hallucinogens N, N-dipropyltryptamine (DPT) and LSD as physiologically well-tolerated. The physical hostile effects of these agents noted in cancer patients were controllable and comparable to effects seen in physically healthy persons (Asher 1137).
译文：
迷幻生理毒性。
需要注意的是，迷幻药通常具有中等低的生理毒性，并且不会表现出由此产生的神经心理缺陷或器官损伤。非人类动物研究表明，3, 4-亚甲二氧基-N-甲基苯丙胺（结构上与各种经典迷幻药相当，但具有相当特殊的药理作用机制）在大剂量时具有神经毒性作用，即使 MDMA 已被考虑从一些治疗和基础人类研究的角度来看，对于人类给药是安全的（Strassman 47）。
相反，没有证实原型经典致幻剂如 LSD、裸盖菇素和美斯卡林具有这种预期的神经毒性作用。在致幻剂作用过程中可能会出现一些生理症状，例如虚弱、头晕、震颤、嗜睡、恶心、感觉异常、瞳孔扩大、腱反射增加和视力模糊（Sacks 93）。此外，迷幻药可能会合理地增加脉搏，包括舒张压和收缩压。另一方面，这些躯体效应是不同的，即使在产生主要心理效应（认知、情感和知觉）的剂量下也不太值得注意（Beyer 115）。
对医疗患者群体的生理毒性问题的完整讨论超出了本文的范围，但是，有一些澄清值得注意。早期研究迷幻药治疗癌症继发的抑郁症和焦虑症时表明，经典的致幻剂 N、N-二丙基色胺 (DPT) 和 LSD 在生理上具有良好的耐受性。在癌症患者中注意到的这些药物的物理敌对作用是可控的，并且与在身体健康的人中观察到的作用相当（Asher 1137）。
Dependence and Abuse.
Like numerous categories of psychoactive drugs, psychedelics are occasionally used in a way that jeopardizes the well-being or safety of a person or other individuals, for instance driving as one is impaired, a pattern of usage that impedes work, or relationships. In such circumstances psychedelics are regarded as abused. However, psychedelics are not characteristically regarded as drugs of dependence, given that they do not stimulate habitual drug seeking consistent with the study that they are not regularly self-administered in non-human animals.迷幻药的影响代写
Additionally, they are not linked to an identified withdrawal syndrome (Clark 56). For that reason, there is modest danger that administering human volunteers to psychedelics will leave participants psychologically or physically reliant on these compounds. This low addiction potential allows for the likelihood of exposing these compounds to psychedelic-naïve volunteers when blinding concerns are critical. However, in some circumstances it would be beneficial to study psychedelic-experienced participants, for instance studies in brain imaging that require the participant to stay immobile (Boyer 20).
译文：
依赖和滥用。 迷幻药的影响代写
与许多种类的精神活性药物一样，迷幻药偶尔会以危害一个人或其他人的福祉或安全的方式使用，例如，在有障碍的情况下驾驶、妨碍工作或人际关系的使用模式。在这种情况下，迷幻药被视为滥用。然而，迷幻药通常不被视为依赖药物，因为它们不会刺激习惯性的药物寻求，这与它们不定期在非人类动物中自我给药的研究一致。
此外，它们与已确定的戒断综合征无关（克拉克 56）。出于这个原因，给人类志愿者服用迷幻药会使参与者在心理或生理上依赖这些化合物的风险不大。这种低成瘾潜力允许在致盲问题至关重要时将这些化合物暴露给迷幻天真的志愿者。然而，在某些情况下，研究有迷幻经验的参与者是有益的，例如要求参与者保持不动的脑成像研究（博耶 20）。
Effects on the Senses and Perception.
Although psychedelics are considered to have moderately low physiological toxicity and cannot be associated with habitual drug, there is apprehension that they might pose additional psychological dangers. The most expected risk connected with psychedelics administration is generally referred to as a bad trip. It is characterized by fear/panic, anxiety, paranoia, and/or dysphoria. Distressing effects might be experienced in a diversity of modalities namely: sensory (terrifying illusions), somatic (alarming physiological processes or hyper-awareness), personal psychological (worrying feelings or thoughts relating to one’s life) as well as metaphysical (disturbing feelings or thoughts relating to ultimate wicked forces) (Strassman 48).迷幻药的影响代写
Since emotional experience regularly deepens when under the influence of a psychedelic, in unprepared persons or unregulated situations some of these effects might possibly escalate to hazardous behavior. For instance, fear as well as paranoid delusions might lead to unpredictable and potentially hazardous behavior, including hostility against self or other persons. Although extremely rare, in dangerous and unsupervised environments, persons under the influence of psychedelics have committed suicide, through acts such as jumping from tall buildings. It is essential to mention that, even under unprepared and unsupervised circumstances, reactions to psychedelics involving self-destructive and violent behavior are rare. Nonetheless, even occasional occurrences of such dangers necessitate investigators to be prepared for such risks and implement steps to circumvent their occurrence (Richards 377).
译文：
对感官和知觉的影响。 迷幻药的影响代写
尽管迷幻药被认为具有中等低的生理毒性，并且不能与习惯性药物相关联，但人们担心它们可能会造成额外的心理危险。与迷幻药管理相关的最预期风险通常被称为糟糕的旅行。它的特点是恐惧/恐慌、焦虑、偏执和/或烦躁。痛苦的影响可能以多种方式出现，即：感官（可怕的幻觉）、躯体（令人担忧的生理过程或过度意识）、个人心理（与生活有关的令人担忧的感觉或想法）以及形而上学（令人不安的感觉或想法）与终极邪恶力量有关）（Strassman 48）。
由于情绪体验在迷幻药的影响下会定期加深，因此在毫无准备的人或不受管制的情况下，其中一些影响可能会升级为危险行为。例如，恐惧和偏执妄想可能会导致不可预测和潜在的危险行为，包括对自己或他人的敌意。尽管极为罕见，但在危险和无人监督的环境中，受迷幻药影响的人会通过从高楼跳下等行为自杀。必须提及的是，即使在没有准备和无人监督的情况下，对涉及自我毁灭和暴力行为的迷幻药的反应也很少见。尽管如此，即使偶尔发生此类危险，调查人员也必须为此类风险做好准备并采取措施规避它们的发生（Richards 377）。
Protracted Psychosis.
Another likely risk of psychedelic administration is instigating the onset of protracted psychosis, which would last several days or months. Although establishing causation is complex, it seems that persons who go through such reactions suffer from pre-morbid mental sickness prior to taking psychedelics. Nevertheless, it is indefinite whether the precipitation of neurosis in such vulnerable persons signifies a psychotic effect that might never have occurred without psychedelic use, or whether it signifies a previous commencement of a psychotic break that would have unavoidably occurred. Contrasting to acute psychological distress, such cases will be exceedingly rare in well-chosen and well-trained participants (380).迷幻药的影响代写
In a study of investigators who administered mescaline or LSD it was reported that no more than a single case of psychotic reaction that lasted for more than 48 hours transpired in 1200 investigational (non-patient) research participants, a rate of 0.0008. Conspicuously, the participant was an identical twin to a schizophrenic patient, and consequently would have been disqualified under the projected guidelines.
译文：
长期精神病。
使用迷幻药的另一个可能风险是引发持续数天或数月的持续性精神病的发作。尽管确定因果关系很复杂，但似乎经历过这种反应的人在服用迷幻药之前患有病前精神疾病。然而，在这些易受伤害的人中神经症的沉淀是否意味着如果没有使用迷幻剂可能永远不会发生的精神病效应，或者它是否意味着之前不可避免地发生的精神病发作的开始，这是不确定的。与急性心理困扰相反，这种情况在精心挑选和训练有素的参与者中极为罕见 (380)。
在对服用美斯卡灵或 LSD 的研究人员进行的一项研究中，据报道，在 1200 名研究性（非患者）研究参与者中，发生的持续超过 48 小时的精神病反应不超过一例，发生率为 0.0008。显然，参与者是精神分裂症患者的同卵双胞胎，因此根据预计的指导方针将被取消资格。
Extended reactions for over 48 hours were a little more regular in patients in psychotherapy than in investigational non-patient participants.
However, still comparatively rare, taking place at a rate of 1.8 extended reactions in 1000 patients (a rate of 0.0018) (Norton 15). The study also demonstrated that suicide attempts, as well as fulfilled suicides took place at a rate of 1.2 and 0.4, correspondingly, in1000 patients. The underlying relationship between psychedelic exposure and suicide attempt or fulfilled suicide was only apparent for a segment of these cases in patients. No suicides or attempted suicides were reported for the 1200 non-patient, investigational participants. On the other hand, it is essential when assessing these data to consider that no more than 44 out of the 62 researchers questioned returned study results (20).迷幻药的影响代写
A number of clinical observations recommend the likelihood that unconscious psychological material might be triggered during psychedelic sessions, and that this material, if not appropriately worked through and psychologically incorporated, may bring about psychological complexity of a non-psychotic nature, for instance negative emotions, as well as psychosomatic symptoms, that would last further than the session. Even though these annotations have not been studied experimentally, they merit consideration (Faber 275).
译文：
与研究性非患者参与者相比，接受心理治疗的患者超过 48 小时的延长反应更规律一些。
然而，仍然相对罕见，在 1000 名患者中发生 1.8 次扩展反应（发生率为 0.0018）（诺顿 15）。该研究还表明，在 1000 名患者中，自杀未遂和成功自杀的比率分别为 1.2 和 0.4。迷幻剂暴露与自杀未遂或完成自杀之间的潜在关系仅在患者中的一部分病例中表现出来。 1200 名非患者的研究参与者没有自杀或企图自杀的报告。另一方面，在评估这些数据时，必须考虑到 62 位研究人员中不超过 44 位对返回的研究结果提出质疑 (20)。
许多临床观察表明，在迷幻期间可能会触发无意识的心理材料，如果这种材料没有得到适当的处理和心理整合，可能会带来非精神病性质的心理复杂性，例如负面情绪，以及心身症状，这将比会议持续更长时间。尽管这些注释尚未经过实验研究，但它们值得考虑（Faber 275）。
Drug Discrimination.
Given the weighty effects of psychedelics on perception as well as related subjective variables, an animal model able to assess the mechanisms of action of psychedelics that inform their subjective influence in man may be especially valuable. The major methodology currently utilized is drug discrimination. In a usual discrimination assignment, an animal is trained to release one response in the experimental sessions instigated by the administration of a specific drug, referred to as the training drug, and a dissimilar response in sessions that come after administration of the drug medium.迷幻药的影响代写
In the development of such assessments, a diverse range of responses were typically stimulated, but the largest part of such research now entails discriminative reaction on one of two operant devices, such as nose-poke apertures or levers, maintained by appetitive fortification or shock evasion. Under such contingencies, the injection state, saline versus training drug, for instance, serves as an interoceptive discriminative stimuli to cue the creature as to which reaction will be reinforced in a particular session, in a similar way as the operant conduct of an animal might be directed by exteroceptive stimuli, like colored lights or tones of particular frequencies (Richards 389).
译文：
毒品歧视。
鉴于迷幻药对感知以及相关主观变量的重要影响，能够评估迷幻药作用机制的动物模型可能特别有价值。目前使用的主要方法是药物歧视。在通常的区分任务中，动物被训练在由特定药物（称为训练药物）引起的实验过程中释放一种反应，并在施用药物介质后的过程中释放不同的反应。
在此类评估的发展过程中，通常会激发多种反应，但此类研究的最大部分现在需要对通过食欲强化或避震维持的两种操作装置之一（例如戳鼻孔或杠杆）进行区分反应.在这种偶然情况下，注射状态，例如生理盐水与训练药物，作为一种内感受判别刺激，以提示生物在特定会话中哪种反应会得到加强，这与动物的操作行为可能类似由外感受刺激引导，如彩色光或特定频率的音调（Richards 389）。
The drug discrimination assessment is consequently fundamentally a drug detection method whereby creatures are trained to distinguish the stimulus effects of a particular dose of a given training drug.
In the course of the tests, well-trained creatures might be administered dissimilar doses of the training drug, or dissimilar doses of a fresh compound assumed to have comparable subjective outcomes to the training drug (Skinner 32). The consequences of such tests produce asymptotic dose-effect curves whereby the administration of a test compound with stimuli properties comparable to the ones of the training drug dose-dependently increase in response on the drug lever.迷幻药的影响代写
Likewise, preceding treatment with a competitive antagonist has a propensity to create parallel rightward shifts in the discrimination dose-effect curves. A resultant measure of this assessment is rate of response. This measure is significant as it presents an integrated positive control which guarantees that behaviorally active dosage of test compounds are attained. As drug dosage rises, operant performance is interrupted. Consequently, in the event that, a test drug falls short of eliciting any drug-appropriate response up to dosages that contain response rates, it may be firmly concluded that the stimuli properties of the test drug cannot overlap with the stimuli properties of the training drug (Faber 276).
译文：
因此，药物鉴别评估从根本上说是一种药物检测方法，通过这种方法可以训练生物区分特定剂量的给定训练药物的刺激作用。
在测试过程中，训练有素的生物可能会服用不同剂量的训练药物，或不同剂量的新鲜化合物，假设其主观结果与训练药物相当（斯金纳 32）。此类测试的结果产生渐近的剂量效应曲线，其中具有与训练药物相当的刺激特性的测试化合物的给药剂量依赖性地增加对药物杠杆的响应。
同样，先前用竞争性拮抗剂治疗有在区分剂量-效应曲线中产生平行向右移动的倾向。这种评估的结果度量是响应率。这一措施是重要的，因为它提供了一个整合的阳性对照，保证达到测试化合物的行为活性剂量。随着药物剂量的增加，操作性能被中断。因此，如果测试药物在达到包含响应率的剂量时未能引起任何适合药物的响应，则可以肯定地得出结论，测试药物的刺激特性不能与训练药物的刺激特性重叠（费伯 276）。
Permanent Perceptual Anomalies. 迷幻药的影响代写
Another prospective risk of psychedelic administration is hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD). So as to meet DSM-IV-TR criterion for this anomaly, a psychedelic user should re-undergo perceptual effects comparable to those faced under acute psychedelic action following cessation of psychedelic use. These effects should be clinically stressful or damage functioning, and the effects should not be attributable to a medical state or be better explicated by another psychiatric abnormality or hypnopompic hallucinations.迷幻药的影响代写
The frequency of HPPD is unidentified, though it is considered to be extremely exceptional given the comparatively few cases that are reported. This is in consideration of millions of psychedelic doses used from the 1960s. While the phrase, flashback, is occasionally applied interchangeably with HPPD, the former phrase is regularly applied to describe every short-lived perceptual effect suggestive of acute psychedelic effects but taking place beyond acute psychedelic use, typically without impairment or clinical distress. Indeed, numerous illicit psychedelics users report a few short-lived visual anomalies that take place subsequent to acute psychedelic effects. However, only for a diminutive minority of psychedelic users are such effects worrying or sufficiently impairing to be regarded as clinically important or merit the diagnosis of HPPD (Strassman 50).迷幻药的影响代写
Numerous illicit users of psychedelics consider such sub-clinical effects as pleasurable and benign. Significantly, HPPD incidence or other perceptual anomalies appears to be exceedingly lower in therapeutic or research environments with cautious screening as well as preparation than in the environment of illicit leisure use which might involve the confound of poly-drug use as well as unscreened psychiatric abnormalities. Since such perceptual anomalies are scantily comprehended, researchers administering psychedelics to human volunteers ought to investigate for perceptual disorder in follow up contact (Strassman 52).
译文：
永久性感知异常。
迷幻药的另一个潜在风险是致幻剂持续性知觉障碍（HPPD）。为了满足此异常的 DSM-IV-TR 标准，迷幻药使用者应重新经历与停止使用迷幻药后在急性迷幻作用下所面临的感知效果相当的感知效果。这些影响应该是临床压力或损害功能，并且这些影响不应归因于医疗状态或由另一种精神异常或催眠幻觉更好地解释。
HPPD 的频率尚不清楚，但鉴于报告的病例相对较少，它被认为是非常特殊的。这是考虑到 1960 年代使用的数百万种迷幻剂。虽然短语闪回偶尔与 HPPD 互换使用，但前一个短语经常用于描述暗示急性致幻作用但发生在急性致幻剂使用之外，通常没有损伤或临床痛苦的所有短暂感知效应。事实上，许多非法迷幻药用户报告了一些短暂的视觉异常，这些异常是在急性迷幻药效应之后发生的。然而，只有极少数迷幻药使用者才会使这种影响令人担忧或足以削弱，以至于被认为具有临床重要性或值得诊断为 HPPD (Strassman 50)。
许多迷幻药的非法使用者认为这种亚临床效果是令人愉快和良性的。值得注意的是，在谨慎筛选和准备的治疗或研究环境中，HPPD 发生率或其他知觉异常似乎比在可能涉及多种药物使用混淆以及未筛选的精神异常的非法休闲使用环境中低得多。由于对此类知觉异常的了解甚少，因此向人类志愿者施用迷幻药的研究人员应该在后续接触中调查知觉障碍（Strassman 52）。
Cultural Use of Psychedelics.
It is essential to mention that, prior to the influence of modern medical models or expectations, a bewildering and protean rain forest psychedelic known as ayahuasca was regarded by the indigenous people of the Amazon as a diagnostic device. Shamans, as well as their patients would not partake of ayahuasca for therapeutic reasons (Topping 26). On the contrary, they partook of ayahuasca to acquire information.迷幻药的影响代写
This was primarily information relating to the personality of the seducer of an adulterous spouse, the covert connections of a business adversary, or location and character of the evil darts within a person’s body, among other uses. Ayahuasca was applied it to screen the sickness and to explore the treatment, but ayahuasca by itself, does not directly cure anything. The seekers visited the shaman with personal sets of etiological as well as nosological concepts, embedded primarily in trendy psychology as well as and alternative medicine (Winkelman 218).
译文：
迷幻药的文化使用。
值得一提的是，在受到现代医学模型或期望的影响之前，亚马逊土著人将一种名为 ayahuasca 的令人眼花缭乱、千变万化的雨林迷幻药视为一种诊断设备。出于治疗原因，萨满和他们的患者不会参与死藤水（Topping 26）。相反，他们使用死藤水来获取信息。
这主要是与通奸配偶的诱惑者的个性、商业对手的秘密联系或人体内邪恶飞镖的位置和特征以及其他用途有关的信息。死藤水被用来筛查疾病并探索治疗方法，但死藤水本身并不能直接治愈任何东西。寻求者以个人的病因学和疾病分类学概念访问了萨满，这些概念主要嵌入时尚心理学和替代医学（Winkelman 218）。
CONCLUSION 迷幻药的影响代写
Following a decades-long duration of dormancy in reaction to the sensationalism concerning the non-medical use of psychedelics in the 1960’s, human psychedelic research has taken up again in the medical arena. It is now beginning to deal with a diversity of important fundamental research problems as well as possible therapeutic applications. In the light of the atypical history of limitation on human research with this category of compounds, it is significant for investigators to put into practice appropriate as well as conservative protection. With such protection this category of compounds can be researched safely in human beings.迷幻药的影响代写
Casual research that may lack attention to the distinctive risk profile of psychedelics may not only jeopardize the well-being and safety of research participants, but would also endanger upcoming human research with these scientifically intriguing compounds. In contrast, carefully executed research that values psychedelics’ unique and regularly dominant psychological effects could potentially inform the management of an assortment of psychiatric disorders. It may also lead to considerable advances in the understanding of cognition, perception, the psychology of religion, behavior, as well as the biological foundations of consciousness.
译文：
结论 迷幻药的影响代写
在对 1960 年代关于迷幻药的非医疗用途的耸人听闻的反应长达数十年的休眠之后，人类迷幻药的研究再次进入医学领域。它现在开始处理各种重要的基础研究问题以及可能的治疗应用。鉴于此类化合物对人类研究的限制的非典型历史，研究人员将适当和保守的保护付诸实践具有重要意义。有了这种保护，就可以在人类中安全地研究这类化合物。
可能缺乏对迷幻剂独特风险特征的关注的休闲研究不仅可能危及研究参与者的福祉和安全，而且还会危及即将进行的这些具有科学吸引力的化合物的人类研究。相比之下，认真执行的研究重视迷幻药独特且经常占主导地位的心理影响，可能会为各种精神疾病的管理提供信息。它还可能导致对认知、感知、宗教心理学、行为以及意识的生物学基础的理解取得重大进展。
Works Cited 迷幻药的影响代写
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Clark, P. New Religions in Universal Perspective. New York: Routledge. 2000. Print.
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Norton, J. “Visual Perceptual Anomalies: Hallucinations & Illusions”. Journal of Medicine 124 (2000): pp12–20. Print.
Richards, W. “Entheogens in Investigating Religious Experiences”. Religion & Health Journal 44 (2005): pp 377–389. Print.
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Strassman, K. “Human Psychopharmacology of N, N-Dimethyltryptamine. Behavioral Brain Research Journal of Medicine 32 (2007): pp 45–52. Print.
Topping, D. “Ayahuasca & Cancer: A Man’s Experience”. Psychedelic Studies Bulletin 8.3(2007): pp 22–26. Print.
Winkelman, M. “Spiritual Healing or Drug Tourism? Ayahuasca in Amazonia”. Psychoactive Drugs Journal 37.20. (2010): pp 209–218. Print.
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