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Why are the Poor, Poor?
经济政策论文代写 His primary focus was the reasons why people are poor. He defined poverty as a kind of deprivation and inequality (Dinitto p. 121).
Summary
The article was written by Dinitto. His primary focus was the reasons why people are poor. He defined poverty as a kind of deprivation and inequality (Dinitto p. 121). Thus, there is dare need to establish the cause of deprivation and inequality. In so doing, Dinitto explored four concepts including human capital, culture, exploitation and structure.
The article starts by explaining poverty as lack of human capital. The human capital theory explains income variations due to differences in productivity in a free market (Dinitto p. 121). Thus, Dinitto argued that people are poor because low economic productivity, that is, lack of requisite skills, education, training so on that the labour market demands. According to him, lack of these essential qualifications locks people away from the labour market and hence increase their prevalence of being poor. Even if the economy grows, it is not an adequate remedy for those who lack demanded qualifications.
Additionally, Dinitto observed that poverty also results from labour discriminations.Some of the notable ones include racial or ethnic groups and women discrimination. He acknowledged that even if education disparities are reduced or eliminated, achieving equal employment may not be achieved because there exist earning bias where blacks and those with Hispanic origin receive less compared to white counterparts in the same job and education level. A free human capital theory without any form of discrimination is the ideal situation that every country should strive to achieve (Dinitto p. 122). Therefore, to reduce or eliminate poverty in a free market, governments need to create environment of equal opportunities that eliminate hurdles in labour mobility.
译文：
概括 经济政策论文代写
该文章由Dinitto撰写。他主要关注的是人们贫穷的原因。他将贫困定义为一种剥夺和不平等（Dinitto，第121页）。因此，迫切需要确定剥夺和不平等的原因。为此，迪尼托探索了四个概念，包括人力资本，文化，剥削和结构。
本文首先将贫困解释为缺乏人力资本。人力资本理论解释了由于自由市场中生产率差异而导致的收入差异（Dinitto，第121页）。因此，迪尼托（Dinitto）认为人们之所以贫穷，是因为经济生产率低下，即缺乏劳动力市场所需的必要技能，教育和培训。据他说，缺乏这些基本资格使人们无法进入劳动力市场，从而增加了他们的贫穷状况。即使经济增长，对于那些缺乏资格要求的人来说，这也不是一个适当的补救办法。
此外，迪尼托（Dinitto）指出，贫困也是由劳动歧视造成的，其中一些值得注意的是种族或族裔群体以及妇女歧视。他承认，即使减少或消除了教育差距，也可能无法实现平等就业，因为存在收入偏见，黑人和具有西班牙裔血统的人与处于相同工作和教育水平的白人相比，收入要低。没有任何形式歧视的自由人力资本理论是每个国家都应努力实现的理想状况（Dinitto，第122页）。因此，为了减少或消除自由市场中的贫困，政府需要创造机会均等的环境，以消除劳动力流动的障碍。
On the other hand, culture as another cause of poverty.
In this section, Dinitto expounded on the culture of poverty by stating poor continue to be poor for generations due to bad customs. According to him, poverty is not all about low income but also psychological and behavioural that is derived from one’s culture (Dinitto p. 123). Culture of poverty is self-inflicting where people fail harness opportunities in upward labour mobility. Therefore, even if income for the poor people is increased, it might not have impact on joblessness, unstable family, increase in crime, lack of incentive among other social problems. It explains why poverty exists despite anti-poverty programs.
Additionally, Dinitto continues to state that people who found themselves in the culture of poverty are likely to remain in poverty (p. 123). The reason being that they are unable to plan for their future by taking necessary measures like savings. They also have high propensity to overspend for short-term gratifications. This kind of poverty exists regardless of the person’s external circumstances. The culture of poverty continues for generations because lack of planning is psychologically ingrained in the poor person. Dinitto also observed that these people may get out of poverty superficially but eventually fall back due to mismanagement of their resources.
译文：
另一方面，文化是贫穷的另一个原因。 经济政策论文代写
在本节中，迪尼托（Dinitto）通过指出穷人由于习俗而代代相传的方式继续穷困，从而阐述了贫困文化。根据他的说法，贫困不仅与低收入有关，而且还源于一个人的文化所产生的心理和行为（Dinitto，第123页）。贫困文化是一种自欺欺人的行为，使人们无法利用向上的劳动力流动的机会。因此，即使增加了穷人的收入，也可能不会对失业，家庭不稳定，犯罪增加，缺乏激励机制等产生影响。它解释了为什么尽管有扶贫计划，贫困仍然存在。
此外，迪尼托（Dinitto）继续指出，陷入贫困文化的人们很可能仍生活在贫困中（第123页）。原因是他们无法通过采取诸如储蓄之类的必要措施来为自己的未来做计划。他们还很可能为短期的满足而超支。无论个人的外部环境如何，都存在这种贫困。贫穷的文化持续了几代人，因为在贫穷的人中，缺乏计划的心理根深蒂固。迪尼托还指出，这些人可能表面上摆脱了贫困，但由于资源管理不善而最终退居二线。
Similarly, Dinitto associates the cause of poverty to the conditions of poverty.
According to him, culture of poverty is only applicable to groups in poverty for generations (p. 124). The culture is transmitted from parents to children in the forms of values and beliefs and determine their thinking and behaviours tendencies that lead to poverty. It is unlike the situational poverty that is caused by prevailing conditions, opportunities and availability of resources. The worst-case scenario of poverty is to see it as an unending cycle that is not breakable and is puncture-proof. If a person believes in this idea, it may lead him/her to inaction about the present and future conditions that make poverty persist.
Unfortunately, according to Dinitto, poverty can be caused by exploitation. He used the Marxist theory of poverty as suppression by the ruling class (p. 124). The upper and middle-class use poverty as a source of cheap labour and hence work to maintain the status quo. In addition to this, poverty is seen as a result of structural problems. The rich exploit the economic structure to lockout the poor from accessing resource that could liberate them (p. 126). Dinitto identified institutional and structural components that make poverty persist in society. Institutional discriminations that continue to suppress the disadvantaged groups in society. Discriminative economic structures can be adapted to intentionally discriminate certain regions or economic sectors.
译文：
同样，DINITTO将贫困的原因与贫困的状况联系起来。 经济政策论文代写
他认为，贫困文化仅适用于几代人的贫困群体（第124页）。这种文化以价值观和信仰的形式从父母那里传给孩子，并决定他们导致贫困的思想和行为倾向。它不同于普遍的条件，机会和资源可用性造成的情境贫困。贫困的最坏情况是将其视为一个永无休止的循环，该循环是不可打破的并且是防穿刺的。如果一个人相信这个想法，可能会使他/她对导致贫困持续存在的当前和未来状况一无所知。
不幸的是，根据迪尼托（Dinitto）的说法，贫穷可能是剥削造成的。他用马克思主义的贫困理论作为统治阶级的压制（第124页）。上层阶级和中产阶级利用贫困作为廉价劳动力的来源，因此致力于维持现状。除此之外，贫困被认为是结构性问题的结果。富人利用经济结构阻止穷人获得可以解放他们的资源（第126页）。迪尼托（Dinitto）确定了导致贫困在社会中持续存在的制度和结构要素。继续压制社会中处境不利群体的机构歧视。可以采用歧视性的经济结构来故意歧视某些地区或经济部门。
What can be Learned 经济政策论文代写
The article gives lessons on how the poor get trapped in poverty. Unless the cycle of poverty is broken, poverty can be passed down for generations. Some of the factors that trap people in the vicious cycle include:
a. Lack of adequate education
b. Low income
c. Less access to social amenities
d. External vulnerabilities like diseases
e. Bad culture
f. Poor policies
Some programs can be initiated to break the vicious cycle of poverty in families. They include:
a. Encourage education
b. Increase access to health and other social amenities
c. Offer vocational training and skills
d. Mentoring and encouragement
e. Equal economic opportunities
f. Make non-discriminative policies
译文：
可以学到什么 经济政策论文代写
这篇文章提供了有关穷人如何陷入贫困的经验教训。 除非打破贫困的循环，否则贫困可以世代相传。 导致人们陷入恶性循环的一些因素包括：
a. 缺乏适当的教育
b. 低收入
c. 较少使用社交设施
d. 诸如疾病之类的外部漏洞
e. 不良文化
f. 政策不力
可以启动一些方案来打破家庭贫困的恶性循环。 他们包括：
a. 鼓励教育
b. 增加获得保健和其他社交设施的机会
c. 提供职业培训和技能
d. 指导和鼓励
e. 平等的经济机会
f. 制定非歧视性政策
How it is Related to Social Welfare Policy
The article informs the formulation of social welfare policies. It analyses the actual causes of poverty. Policymakers can use its recommendations to come up with strategies aiming at reducing or eradication poverty especially in the minority groups.
译文：
它与社会福利政策有何关系 经济政策论文代写
文章介绍了社会福利政策的制定。 它分析了造成贫困的实际原因。 政策制定者可以利用其建议提出旨在减少或消除贫困的战略，特别是在少数群体中。
Work Cited
Dinitto. “Why are the Poor, Poor?” pp. 121-128.
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