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硫酸的产生论文代写 化学论文代写

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硫酸的产生论文代写

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硫酸的产生论文代写 Chemicals and acids have become an integral part of everyday life. They have been incorporated into almost every item

Introduction

Chemicals and acids have become an integral part of everyday life. They have been incorporated into almost every item that is used in everyday life including food colors soaps and detergents. This underlines the fact that chemicals are almost always used in industries and manufacturing plants. Of course, there are variations as to the level of use of chemicals and acids in industries and other sectors. Nevertheless, one of the most common acids is sulfuric acid, which may also be called sulphuric acid.

Sulfuric acid refers to a highly corrosive and strong mineral acid that has a molecular formula H2SO4. It is highly soluble in water at any level of molarities or concentration and is usually slightly yellow in color with sticky or gluey viscosity (Louie, 32). Initially, it used to be referred to as the oil of vitriol. It is worth noting that the acid is also diprotic acid that exhibits varied or different properties or features subject to its molarities or concentration.硫酸的产生论文代写

Testament to its the strong acidic properties of this acid is its high corrosiveness on materials such as living tissues, stones and metals. In addition, sulfuric acid incorporates strong oxidizing and dehydrating properties in instances where it has high molarities or concentration (Sander, 67). In high concentration, sulfuric acid is known to cause serious damage upon contact. Not only would it result from chemical burns through hydrolysis but it would also result in secondary thermal burn through dehydration. In addition, sulfuric acid is known to be hygroscopic since it readily absorbs water from the air (Kutney, 56).


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介绍 硫酸的产生论文代写

化学品和酸已成为日常生活中不可或缺的一部分。它们已被纳入日常生活中使用的几乎所有物品,包括食用色素肥皂和洗涤剂。这强调了一个事实,即化学品几乎总是用于工业和制造工厂。当然,工业和其他部门中化学品和酸的使用水平存在差异。然而,最常见的酸之一是硫酸,也可称为硫酸。

硫酸是指具有高腐蚀性和强无机酸,分子式为 H2SO4。它在任何摩尔浓度或浓度水平下都高度溶于水,通常呈淡黄色,具有粘性或胶状粘度 (Louie, 32)。最初,它曾经被称为硫酸油。值得注意的是,该酸也是二元酸,其表现出不同的或不同的性质或特征,受其摩尔浓度或浓度的影响。

这种酸的强酸性特性是它对生物组织、石头和金属等材料的高腐蚀性。此外,在具有高摩尔浓度或浓度的情况下,硫酸具有强氧化和脱水特性(Sander,67)。众所周知,高浓度的硫酸在接触时会造成严重损坏。它不仅会因水解造成化学灼伤,还会因脱水而导致二次热灼伤。此外,已知硫酸具有吸湿性,因为它很容易从空气中吸收水分 (Kutney, 56)。


Uses and application of sulfuric acid

Sulfuric acid may be used in various fields thanks to its chemical properties. First, it is used in the making of lead-acid batteries or accumulators. In addition, sulfuric acid has been crucial in the manufacture of fertilizers including ammonium sulfate and superphosphate, formed through the treatment of rock phosphate with sulfuric acid (Sander, 68). Sulfuric acid has been widely used in the production or manufacture of phosphoric acid, which is used in manufacturing trisodium phosphates (used in detergents) and phosphate fertilizers (Kutney, 47). On the same note, sulfuric acid is combined with ammonia to make ammonium sulfate, another common type of fertilizer. In fact, it is worth noting that about 60 percent of the sulfuric acid in the entire world is used in the making of high quality fertilizers.硫酸的产生论文代写

Moreover, sulfuric acid has proved extremely crucial in the removal of oxides from steel and iron before electroplating and galvanizing. It is used in enormous quantities to eliminate rust, oxidation, as well as other impurities in the products (Sander, 68).


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硫酸的用途和应用 硫酸的产生论文代写

由于其化学性质,硫酸可用于各种领域。首先,它用于制造铅酸电池或蓄电池。此外,硫酸在包括硫酸铵和过磷酸钙在内的肥料的制造中至关重要,这些肥料是通过用硫酸处理磷酸岩而形成的 (Sander, 68)。硫酸已广泛用于生产或制造磷酸,磷酸用于制造磷酸三钠(用于洗涤剂)和磷肥(Kutney,47)。同样,硫酸与氨结合制成硫酸铵,这是另一种常见的肥料。事实上,值得注意的是,全世界约有 60% 的硫酸用于制造优质肥料。

此外,事实证明,在电镀和镀锌之前,硫酸对于去除钢和铁中的氧化物极其重要。它被大量使用以消除产品中的锈蚀、氧化以及其他杂质(Sander,68)。


Sulfuric acid has also been commonly used in drying acidic and neutral gases such as CO2, N2, O2 and SO2.

Concentrated sulfuric acid has gained extensive use as a dehydrating agent, where it removes water thanks to its tendency to form hydrates including H2SO4.2H2O and H2SO4.H2O among others. This is because of its hygroscopic properties that allow it to suck water from carbohydrates and other organic compounds containing hydrogen and oxygen. In essence, it effectively draws condensation and moisture from these substances.硫酸的产生论文代写

Sulfuric acid may also be used in the manufacture of nitroglycerine, an organic nitrate and organic ester, which is mainly used as an explosive. Nitroglycerine may also be utilized as a vasodilator, which is essentially a substance known to dilate blood vessels and may be used in treating certain categories of heart diseases (Szmant, 34). These capabilities allows for the acid’s use in the making of cleaning agents, electrolytes incorporated in lead-acid batteries, as well as in domestic acidic drain cleaners. Some of its principal or key may uses include oil refinery, the manufacture or production of fertilizer, chemical synthesis, the processing of wastewater and mineral processing.硫酸的产生论文代写

Sulfuric acid has proved extremely crucial in the chemical industry. It has been widely utilised in the production of numerous crucial products such as hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, aluminum sulfate (widely used in the making of papers), nitroglycerin (used in explosives), and aluminum hydroxide (used in the treatment of water). In addition, the acid has been extensively used in producing numerous plastics, perfumes, dyes and disinfectants (Szmant, 56).


译文:

硫酸也常用于干燥酸性和中性气体,如 CO2、N2、O2 和 SO2。

浓硫酸已被广泛用作脱水剂,由于它倾向于形成包括 H2SO4.2H2O 和 H2SO4.H2O 在内的水合物,因此它可以去除水分。这是因为它的吸湿性使其能够从碳水化合物和其他含有氢和氧的有机化合物中吸取水分。从本质上讲,它有效地从这些物质中吸收冷凝水和水分。硫酸的产生论文代写

硫酸还可用于制造硝化甘油,一种有机硝酸盐和有机酯,主要用作炸药。硝酸甘油也可用作血管扩张剂,其本质上是一种已知可扩张血管的物质,可用于治疗某些类别的心脏病(Szmant,34)。这些功能允许酸用于制造清洁剂、铅酸电池中的电解质以及家用酸性排水清洁剂。它的一些主要或主要用途包括炼油厂、化肥的制造或生产、化学合成、废水处理和矿物加工。

事实证明,硫酸在化学工业中极其重要。广泛应用于盐酸、硝酸、硫酸铝(广泛用于造纸)、硝酸甘油(用于炸药)和氢氧化铝(用于水处理)等众多关键产品的生产.此外,该酸已广泛用于生产多种塑料、香水、染料和消毒剂(Szmant,56)。


THE PRODUCTION OF SULFURIC ACID

There are varied processes or methods that are used in the production of sulfuric acid. However, the most common ones are Wet Sulfuric Acid Processes and Contact Process. The choice of the process used in production of sulfuric acid depends on the source of sulfur (waste acid, elemental sulfur, H2S or Sulfur dioxide), the nature of absorption (Double or single), as well as the manner in which the gas water is treated (wet or dry processes).


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硫酸的生产 硫酸的产生论文代写

有多种工艺或方法用于生产硫酸。 然而,最常见的是湿法硫酸法和接触法。 硫酸生产工艺的选择取决于硫的来源(废酸、元素硫、H2S 或二氧化硫)、吸收的性质(双重或单一)以及气体水的方式 处理(湿法或干法)。


THE WET SULFURIC ACID (WSA) PROCESS

Developed in the mid 80’s, the Wet Sulfuric Acid process has been recognized and acknowledged as one of the principal processes of desulfurization of gas today.  It is extremely efficient in the recovery of sulfur from varied gas processes as sulfuric acid, with concurrent or synchronized high-pressure steam production. This technique has been widely applied in all industries that face the problem of removal of sulfur and treating varied gas steams that incorporate sulfur compounds (Szmant, 29). These gas steams include CS2, H2S, SO2 and COS produced in cellulose, petrochemical, power generation, mineral and metallurgical industries. The steams essentially incorporate or result in gas incorporating significantly low SO2 concentrations, in which case they would be considerably difficult or even impossible to treat in traditional contact method sulfuric acid plant.硫酸的产生论文代写

One of the key differences or variations between this process and contact process is that, the wet sulfuric acid process treats waste gas without necessarily removing water from the gas. In essence, the process would not require condensation or cooling, nor would there be a requirement for the incorporation of sulfuric acid drying tower (Szmant, 45).


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湿硫酸 (WSA) 工艺

80 年代中期开发的湿法硫酸工艺已被公认为当今气体脱硫的主要工艺之一。它在从各种气体工艺(如硫酸)中回收硫时非常有效,同时或同步产生高压蒸汽。该技术已广泛应用于所有面临脱硫和处理含有硫化合物的各种气体蒸汽问题的行业(Szmant,29)。这些气体蒸汽包括纤维素、石化、发电、矿产和冶金工业中产生的 CS2、H2S、SO2 和 COS。蒸汽基本上包含或导致气体包含非常低的 SO2 浓度,在这种情况下,在传统的接触法硫酸工厂中,它们将相当困难甚至不可能处理。

该工艺与接触工艺之间的主要区别或变化之一是,湿法硫酸工艺处理废气而不必从气体中除去水。本质上,该过程不需要冷凝或冷却,也不需要加入硫酸干燥塔(Szmant,45)。


In case the feed gas incorporates CS2, H2S or COS, it would first undergo incineration so as to convert the sulfur compounds into sulfur dioxide (SO2).

This gas is then cooled or heated to the necessary inlet temperature as allowed by the converter.  It is noteworthy that the converter incorporates Haldor Topsoe’s VK-WSA catalyst, solely made or developed for the application (Szmant, 27).

硫酸的产生论文代写
硫酸的产生论文代写

The SO2 is converted into SO3 with the catalyst being present. Multiple or single beds may be used subject to the concentration of SO2, as well as the required degree of concentration. In multi-bed arrangements, inter-bed cooling may be done in varied ways subject to the plant’s heat balance, as well as the requirement or necessity for recovery energy derived or obtained from the process (Szmant).硫酸的产生论文代写

At the converter’s end, the gas is cooled thereby allowing for the reaction of the SO3 with water vapour, which forms sulfuric acid in the gas phase. This is presented in the following function.

SO3 (g) + H2O (g) H2SO4 (g) + 101 kJ/Mol

After this, the cooled gas is taken into the Wet Sulfuric Acid Condenser, where it is then  condensed to make or give the liquid product. This Wet Sulfuric Acid Condenser is essentially a tube-falling film concentrator/condenser and vertical shell with tubes that are made using boronsilicate acid, as well as a glass that is shock resistant.硫酸的产生论文代写

At this stage, the gas takes an upward flow through the tubes where ambient air that is flowing on the outside of these tubes cools it. The sulfuric acid is condensed in the tubes thereby allowing it to flow downwards counter-current to the hot process gas that is rising in the same tubes. It is worth noting that the contact of the downward flowing gas with the hot acid gas from the process increases the acid’s  molarities concentration to the required concentration of the product acid (Kutney, 29).


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如果原料气中含有 CS2、H2S 或 COS,它首先要进行焚烧,以便将硫化合物转化为二氧化硫 (SO2)。

然后将该气体冷却或加热至转换器允许的必要入口温度。值得注意的是,该转化器采用了 Haldor Topsoe 的 VK-WSA 催化剂,该催化剂专为该应用制造或开发(Szmant,27)。

SO2 在催化剂存在的情况下转化为 SO3。根据 SO2 的浓度以及所需的浓度,可以使用多床或单床。在多床布置中,床间冷却可以以多种方式进行,这取决于工厂的热平衡,以及从过程中产生或获得的回收能量的要求或必要性 (Szmant)。

在转炉末端,气体被冷却,从而使 SO3 与水蒸气反应,水蒸气在气相中形成硫酸。这在以下函数中给出。

SO3 (g) + H2O (g) → H2SO4 (g) + 101 kJ/Mol

在此之后,冷却的气体被带入湿硫酸冷凝器,然后在那里冷凝以制造或提供液体产品。这种湿硫酸冷凝器本质上是一种降膜浓缩器/冷凝器和垂直外壳,管子由硼硅酸制成,以及抗震玻璃。

在这个阶段,气体向上流动通过管子,在这些管子外面流动的环境空气将其冷却。硫酸在管中冷凝,从而使其与在相同管中上升的热工艺气体逆流向下流动。值得注意的是,向下流动的气体与来自该过程的热酸性气体的接触将酸的摩尔浓度增加到所需的产物酸浓度 (Kutney, 29)。


This acid flows into the WSA Condenser’s lower section that has a brick lining, from where it is then pumped out, cooled and then delivered for storage.

The Wet Sulfuric Acid Process is adapted easily to handling gases that incorporate impurities such as Nitrogen Oxides/NOx (NO and NO2). A Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) reactor may be placed before the SO2 converter so as to treat the Nitrogen Oxides. Ammonia is also introduced in the gas stream on the SCR’s upstream in Stoichiometric amounts to the Nitrogen Oxides in the gas. The Nitrogen Oxide is then converted to produce water and nitrogen. This is represented by the following equation.硫酸的产生论文代写

NO + NH3 + ¼ O2 → N2 + 3/2 H2O + 410 kJ/Mol

The Wet Sulfuric Acid Process may be used in regeneration of spent acid to produce sulfuric acid.

Another difference between Wet catalysis process and contact sulfuric acid processes is based on the fact that the feed gas incorporates excess or too much moisture as it touches the catalyst. It is worth noting that the sulfur trioxide that is produced by sulfur dioxide’s catalytic oxidation reacts immediately with moisture, thereby producing sulfuric acid in vapor depending on the temperature (Szmant, 26). Subsequently, liquid acid is made or formed through condensation or cooling of sulfuric acid vapor rather than the sulfur trioxide absorption in the concentrated sulfuric acid, which is what happens in the contact processes.硫酸的产生论文代写

It is worth noting that the concentration incorporated in the product acid is subject to the ratio of water and sulfur trioxide incorporated in the catalytically converted gases, not to mention the temperature during condensation (Szmant, 26).硫酸的产生论文代写

The combustion gases would then be condensed or then cooled to the temperature of the converter inlet, which is approximately 420 to 440 degrees centigrade (Louie, 34). A conventional or traditional cold-gas contact process plant would have to cool and dry the sulfur trioxide gas so as to process the wet gases and remove all moisture. In essence, the WSA process is usually not the most cost-effective method of producing sulfuric acid (Szmant, 27).


译文:

这种酸流入带有砖衬里的 WSA 冷凝器下部,然后从那里泵出、冷却,然后交付储存。

湿法硫酸工艺很容易适应处理含有氮氧化物/NOx(NO 和NO2)等杂质的气体。选择性催化还原 (SCR) 反应器可放置在 SO2 转化器之前,以处理氮氧化物。氨也以化学计量的量引入 SCR 上游的气流中,相当于气体中的氮氧化物。然后将氮氧化物转化为水和氮。这由以下等式表示。

NO + NH3 + ¼ O2 → N2 + 3/2 H2O + 410 kJ/Mol

湿法硫酸法可用于废酸的再生以生产硫酸。

湿法催化工艺和接触硫酸工艺之间的另一个区别是基于这样一个事实,即原料气在接触催化剂时含有过量或过多的水分。值得注意的是,二氧化硫催化氧化产生的三氧化硫会立即与水分反应,从而根据温度产生蒸汽中的硫酸(Szmant,26)。随后,通过硫酸蒸气的冷凝或冷却而不是在浓硫酸中吸收三氧化硫来制造或形成液态酸,而这正是接触过程中发生的情况。

值得注意的是,产物酸中掺入的浓度取决于催化转化气体中掺入的水和三氧化硫的比例,更不用说冷凝过程中的温度(Szmant,26)。

然后燃烧气体将被冷凝或冷却到转化器入口的温度,该温度约为 420 至 440 摄氏度 (Louie, 34)。传统或传统的冷气接触工艺设备必须冷却和干燥三氧化硫气体,以便处理湿气并去除所有水分。从本质上讲,WSA 工艺通常不是生产硫酸的最具成本效益的方法(Szmant,27)。


MAIN EQUIPMENT IN WET SULFURIC ACID PROCESS

Pumps

In most cases, the standard type of pumps used in sulfuric acid plants is one-stage centrifugal pumps that are powered by electric motors. While horizontal pumps may be used, vertical submersible pumps are the most common today (Duecker and James, 23). This is because they are easy to install, have reduced cases of leaking and the use of electrical motors saves on piping and armature. Canned motor pumps and membrane pumps are mainly used in case of liquid phase sulfur dioxide and Sulfur trioxide circulation (Louie, 45).


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湿法硫酸工艺主要设备 硫酸的产生论文代写

在大多数情况下,硫酸厂使用的标准泵类型是由电动机驱动的一级离心泵。 虽然可以使用卧式泵,但立式潜水泵是当今最常见的(Duecker 和 James,23)。 这是因为它们易于安装,减少了泄漏的情况,并且电动机的使用节省了管道和电枢。 屏蔽泵和隔膜泵主要用于液相二氧化硫和三氧化硫循环的情况(Louie,45)。


Compressors

Compressors are charged with the responsibility of ensuring the flow of dried air and dried sulfur dioxide-containing gases via the entire plant, as well as eliminate the flow resistances in piping and equipment (Duecker and James, 29). The actuators used in this case may be either variable-speed or fixed speed electric motors with cascade or medium frequency control. Fixed-speed compressors may operate in load range between 70 percent and 105 percent. Valves or inlet vane control come as the easiest ways of regulating the load range. The compressor’s power limitations depend on the impeller material and the peripheral speed (Kutney, 19).硫酸的产生论文代写

Burners

Burners or incinerators carry out the combustion of gasses that contain sulfur to produce sulfur dioxide (Louie, 56). Currently, horizontal brick-lined combustion chambers are used while atomized sulfur gas and dried air are introduced on one end. Spray nozzles or mechanically driven spinning cups are used to carry out atomization (Szmant, 29).


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压缩机

压缩机负责确保干燥空气和干燥的含二氧化硫气体通过整个工厂流动,并消除管道和设备中的流动阻力(Duecker 和 James,29)。在这种情况下使用的执行器可以是具有级联或中频控制的变速或定速电动机。定速压缩机可以在 70% 到 105% 的负载范围内运行。阀门或入口叶片控制是调节负载范围的最简单方法。压缩机的功率限制取决于叶轮材料和圆周速度 (Kutney, 19)。

燃烧器

燃烧器或焚化炉燃烧含有硫的气体以产生二氧化硫(Louie,56)。目前采用水平砖衬燃烧室,一端引入雾化硫气和干燥空气。喷嘴或机械驱动的旋转杯用于进行雾化(Szmant,29)。


Converters, Catalyst Beds

Converters and their corresponding catalyst beds make up the key installations in sulfuric acid production plants (Griffiths, 28). Sulfuric dioxide is oxidized on the catalyst bed to produce sulfur trioxide. In most cases, the converters are designed as vertical, cylindrical vessels that have the catalyst beds mounted on one another in distinct compartments. In fixed bed reactors, gas flows from the top of the catalyst bed to the bottom.硫酸的产生论文代写

Brick-lined converters have conventional design where they incorporate cylindrical steel jacket (C-Steel) that has its interior side lined up using acid-proof bricks. It is worth noting that the compartment separators would  mainly self-supporting and domed structures that are made of shaped bricks (Duecker  and James, 68). These require brick columns for propping the catalyst-bed-grates. The design guarantees a long lifetime, as well as high thermal inertia. However, these converters have been edged out by the high cost of bricks, their limited diameter, and reduced SO2 conversions among other reasons. They have been replaced by steel converters where flat steel plates are utilized in the separation of compartments.


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转炉、催化剂床

转化器及其相应的催化剂床构成了硫酸生产厂的关键装置 (Griffiths, 28)。二氧化硫在催化剂床上氧化生成三氧化硫。在大多数情况下,转化器设计为立式圆柱形容器,催化剂床在不同的隔室中相互安装。在固定床反应器中,气体从催化剂床的顶部流向底部。

衬砖转炉采用传统设计,其中采用圆柱形钢护套 (C-Steel),其内侧使用耐酸砖排列。值得注意的是,隔间分隔器主要是由异形砖制成的自支撑和圆顶结构(Duecker 和 James,68)。这些需要砖柱来支撑催化剂床篦。该设计保证了长寿命和高热惯性。然而,由于砖块成本高、直径有限以及 SO2 转化率降低等原因,这些转化器已被淘汰。它们已被钢转炉所取代,在这种转炉中,平钢板用于分隔隔间。


Absorbers

In most cases, the absorbers used are package towers that operate in countercurrent. These are composed of cylindrical vessels, a bottom and a cover and are mainly made of stainless steel. This makes it easy to replace the parts (Griffiths, 34). The fact that they do not have brick lining means that, it is possible to entirely prefabricate a new tower and set it on the existing foundation in no time. The tower incorporates three parts. There is the lowest par where acid sump is found. There is the middle, dome-shaped grate that supports the packing bed and is made of ceramic material that is acid-proof (Louie, 54).  There is also the top of the absorber where a liquid phase acid inlet and stack gasses outlet are incorporated with the corresponding irrigation systems.硫酸的产生论文代写

Acid cooling

This equipment plays a crucial role in influencing the operating safety and the efficiency of the entire plant. Three coolers are currently the most popular as seen in modern plants including shell-and-tube coolers, air coolers and plate-type coolers (Louie, 45).

Steam Production Equipment

The production of sulfuric acid is mainly exothermic, in which case the reaction heat may be used to produce vapor steam. Equipment mainly used in steam production include heat-recovery boilers, economizers and superheaters (Griffiths, 29).


译文:

吸收剂

在大多数情况下,使用的吸收塔是逆流运行的包装塔。它们由圆柱形容器、底部和盖子组成,主要由不锈钢制成。这使得更换零件变得容易(Griffiths,34)。他们没有砖衬的事实意味着,可以完全预制一座新塔并将其立即安装在现有的基础上。塔由三部分组成。存在酸槽的最低标准。中间的圆顶形炉排支撑填料床,由耐酸的陶瓷材料制成(Louie,54)。还有吸收器的顶部,液相酸入口和烟道气出口与相应的灌溉系统相结合。

酸冷

该设备在影响整个工厂的操作安全和效率方面起着至关重要的作用。目前在现代工厂中最流行的三种冷却器包括管壳式冷却器、空气冷却器和板式冷却器 (Louie, 45)。

蒸汽生产设备

硫酸的生产主要是放热的,在这种情况下,反应热可用于生产蒸汽。主要用于蒸汽生产的设备包括热回收锅炉、省煤器和过热器(Griffiths,29)。


THE CONTACT PROCESS

The contact process may be summarized in three steps. It would make sulfur dioxide, which is then converted to make or produce sulfur trioxide. Once converted, it is then transformed to make concentrated sulfuric acid (LaPlantz, 29).

The making of sulfur dioxide may involve burning sulfur in excess air as shown in the equation.硫酸的产生论文代写

S + O2 → SO2

Alternatively, the sulfur dioxide may be made by heating sulphide ores such as pyrite in excess air as represented in the following equation.

4FES2 + 11O2 → 2FE2O3 + 8SO2


译文:

联系过程 硫酸的产生论文代写

接触过程可以概括为三个步骤。 它会制造二氧化硫,然后将其转化为制造或生产三氧化硫。 一旦转化,就会转化为浓硫酸 (LaPlantz, 29)。

如方程式所示,二氧化硫的制备可能涉及在过量空气中燃烧硫磺。

S + O2 → SO2

或者,二氧化硫可以通过在过量空气中加热诸如黄铁矿的硫化物矿石来制备,如下面的方程式所示。

4FES2 + 11O2 → 2FE2O3 + 8SO2


Either way, excess air would be used so that the sulfur dioxide so produced is mixed with oxygen.

Sulfur dioxide incorporates varied impurities such as vapours, arsenous oxide, dust particles, sulfur and others (LaPlantz, 39). The impurities must be removed so as to enhance or increase the efficiency of the catalyst.硫酸的产生论文代写

The sulfur dioxide would be taken into the dust chamber. In this chamber, steam is circulated over sulfur dioxide so as to eliminate dust particles. Fe(OH)3 is also sprayed over the gas so as to remove arsenic oxides (Fasullo, 29).

The gas is then cooled and passed via the washing tower. In this tower the gas is sprayed or drenched with water so as to eliminate any soluble impurities (Fasullo, 30). The gas is then passed via the drying tower, in which a concentrated H2SO4, a dehydrating agent is sprayed so as to remove moisture from the sulfur dioxide. Arsenic oxide is recognized as a poison to the catalyst, in which case it is eliminated by passing the gas over ferric hydroxide. The reaction in this case would be as follows.硫酸的产生论文代写

AS2O3 + 2Fe(OH)3   → 2FeAsO3 + 3H2O.

Traces of As2O3 are removed by passing the gas via a test box (TYNDALL box), where a strong ray of light would be thrown or shone against the gas. The gas would be shown as free from the AS2O3 if the light is not scattered in the box (Fasullo, 32).


译文:

无论哪种方式,都将使用过量的空气,使如此产生的二氧化硫与氧气混合。

二氧化硫含有多种杂质,如蒸气、氧化亚砷、灰尘颗粒、硫磺等(LaPlantz,39)。必须除去杂质以提高或增加催化剂的效率。

二氧化硫将被带入集尘室。在该室中,蒸汽在二氧化硫上循环以消除灰尘颗粒。还将 Fe(OH)3 喷洒在气体上以去除砷氧化物 (Fasullo, 29)。

然后气体被冷却并通过洗涤塔。在该塔中,气体被喷洒或浸透水,以消除任何可溶杂质(Fasullo,30)。然后气体通过干燥塔,在干燥塔中喷洒浓硫酸和脱水剂,以去除二氧化硫中的水分。氧化砷被认为是催化剂的毒物,在这种情况下,通过使气体通过氢氧化铁将其消除。这种情况下的反应如下。

AS2O3 + 2Fe(OH)3 → 2FeAsO3 + 3H2O。

将气体通过测试箱(TYNDALL 箱)以去除痕量的 As2O3,在测试箱(TYNDALL 箱)中会向气体投射或照射强光。如果光在盒子中没有散射,则气体将显示为不含 AS2O3(Fasullo,32)。


Oxidation of Sulfur dioxide into Sulfur trioxide

The oxidation takes place in the contact where Vanadium Pentoxide (V2O5) is filled via varied pipes (Davenport and Matthew, 20). The sulfur dioxide here reacts with the oxygen thereby producing sulfur trioxide. In the above conditions, about 98 percent would be converted to sulfur trioxide.

2SO2 + O2            2SO3 + 45Kcal

There are various conditions that have to be fulfilled so as to maximize the yield of sulfur trioxide. It is worth noting that the oxidation process is an exothermic (produces heat) and reversible process where the product’s volume is considerably less that the reactants’ volume. To maximize the yield of sulfur trioxide, there must be an excess of air (oxygen), and the temperature must be between 450oC and 500oC as a decrease in temperature allows for reaction in the forward direction (Davenport and Matthew, 25).硫酸的产生论文代写

High pressure is also considered favorable since the reactants’ volume is greater than those of the product. The optimum pressure ranges between 1.5 and 1.7 atmosphere. In addition, low temperatures lead to a decrease or lowering in the rate of reaction, in which case vanadium pentaoxide (V2O5), a catalyst would be used so as to increase or enhance the rate of reaction (Nothomb and Shaun, 34).


译文:

二氧化硫氧化成三氧化硫

氧化发生在通过各种管道填充五氧化二钒 (V2O5) 的接触处(Davenport 和 Matthew,20)。此处二氧化硫与氧气反应从而产生三氧化硫。在上述条件下,约 98% 将转化为三氧化硫。

2SO2 + O2 2SO3 + 45Kcal

为了使三氧化硫的产率最大化,必须满足各种条件。值得注意的是,氧化过程是一个放热(产生热量)和可逆过程,其中产物的体积远小于反应物的体积。为了最大限度地提高三氧化硫的产量,必须有过量的空气(氧气),并且温度必须在 450oC 和 500oC 之间,因为温度降低允许正向反应(Davenport 和 Matthew,25)。

高压也被认为是有利的,因为反应物的体积大于产物的体积。最佳压力范围在 1.5 到 1.7 个大气压之间。此外,低温会导致反应速率降低或降低,在这种情况下,五氧化二钒 (V2O5) 将使用催化剂来增加或提高反应速率(Nothomb 和 Shaun,34)。


Combination of sulfur trioxide with ready-made sulfuric acid

Sulfur trioxide is not passed directly in water as that would produce a dense fog of small particles of sulfuric acid (H2SO4). In essence, it is dissolved in concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4) thereby making pyrosulfuric acid (also known as Oleum).

SO3 + H2SO4 → H2S2O7 (OLEUM)

This oleum would then be diluted using water thereby forming sulfuric acid (H2SO4) of the necessary concentration.硫酸的产生论文代写

H2S2O7 + H2O → 2H2SO4

In conclusion, sulfuric acid has been one of the most widely-used acids. It use stretches from the making of fertilizers, detergents and cleaning agents to eliminating dust and oxidation from iron and steel. It is also used in making explosives, as well as hospital utilities. Its use is mainly pegged on its properties, including hygroscopy, high oxidation and others (Nothomb and Shaun, 45). The choice of the process used in production of sulfuric acid depends on the source of sulfur (waste acid, elemental sulfur, H2S or Sulfur dioxide), the nature of absorption (Double or single), as well as the manner in which the gas water is treated (wet or dry processes). Two methods are mainly used in production of sulfuric acid including the WSA process and the Contact Process.硫酸的产生论文代写


译文:

三氧化硫与现成硫酸的组合

三氧化硫不能直接通入水中,因为这会产生硫酸 (H2SO4) 小颗粒的浓雾。从本质上讲,它溶解在浓硫酸 (H2SO4) 中从而制成焦硫酸(也称为发烟硫酸)。

SO3 + H2SO4 → H2S2O7(发烟硫酸)

然后用水稀释该发烟硫酸,从而形成必要浓度的硫酸 (H2SO4)。

H2S2O7 + H2O → 2H2SO4

总之,硫酸是最广泛使用的酸之一。它使用范围从制造肥料、清洁剂和清洁剂到消除钢铁中的灰尘和氧化。它还用于制造炸药以及医院公用设施。它的用途主要取决于其特性,包括吸湿性、高氧化性等(Nothomb 和 Shaun,45)。硫酸生产工艺的选择取决于硫的来源(废酸、元素硫、H2S 或二氧化硫)、吸收的性质(双重或单一)以及气体水的方式处理(湿法或干法)。硫酸的生产主要采用两种方法,即WSA法和接触法。


Works cited 硫酸的产生论文代写

Szmant, H H. Organic Building Blocks of the Chemical Industry. New York: Wiley, 1989. Print.

Fasullo, Oscar T. Sulfuric Acid: Use and Handling. New York (osv.: McGraw-Hill, 1965. Print.

Nothomb, Amélie, and Shaun Whiteside. Sulfuric Acid. London: Faber and Faber, 2007. Print.

LaPlantz, David. Artists Anodizing Aluminum: The Sulfuric Acid Process. Bayside, Calif: Press de LaPlantz, 1988. Print.

Duecker, Werner W, and James R. West. The Manufacture of Sulfuric Acid. New York: Reinhold Publ. Corp, 1959. Print.

Sander, U H. F. Sulfur, Sulfur Dioxide, and Sulfuric Acid: An Introduction to Their Industrial Chemistry and Technology. London, England: British Sulfur Corp, 1984. Print

Louie, Douglas K. Handbook of Sulfuric Acid Manufacturing. Richmond Hill, Ont: DKL Engineering, 2008. Print.

Davenport, W G, and Matthew J. King. Sulfuric Acid Manufacture: Analysis, Control and Optimization. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2006. Internet resource.

Kutney, Gerald. Sulfur: History, Technology, Applications & Industry. Toronto: ChemTec Publ, 2007. Print.

Griffiths, Richard F. Sulfur Trioxide, Oleum and Sulfuric Acid Mist. Rugby, Warwickshire, UK: Institution of Chemical Engineers, 1996. Print.

Louie, Douglas K. Sulfuric Acid Decolourization. Richmond Hill, Ont: DKL Engineering, 2008. Print.

硫酸的产生论文代写
硫酸的产生论文代写

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