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民主与发展代写 Democracy and Development代写

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民主与发展代写

Democracy and Development

民主与发展代写 This paper aims to assess the relationship between democracy and development, and determine what type of relationship there is between the two.

Introduction

This paper aims to assess the relationship between democracy and development, and determine what type of relationship there is between the two. Generally, it has been seen that countries that are democratic in nature. And have successfully been able to integrate democracy in their systems are far more developed than countries where the level of democracy may be less. Additionally, it should also be noticed that the infrastructure and technological development of democratic countries is far more advanced than the latter.

This research aims to determine if there is indeed a causal relationship between the two factors and how have countries been able to develop and prosper over the years by democracy as a means to step up in the game.  It is said that there is a complex relationship between democracy and development and each paly a strong part in supporting the other, although one is greatly dependent on the other. The paper begins by understanding what democracy and development actually is. And then  goes on to assess some key (causal) linkages between democracy and development. And how the two are in fact linked together and that democracy in fact is a is a (pre)requisite for development, in light of the modernization theory.

译文:

介绍  民主与发展代写

本文旨在评估民主与发展之间的关系,并确定两者之间存在何种类型的关系。一般而言,已经看到民主性质的国家。并且能够成功地将民主融入其制度的国家远比民主水平可能较低的国家要发达得多。此外,还应该看到,民主国家的基础设施和技术发展远比后者先进。

这项研究旨在确定这两个因素之间是否确实存在因果关系,以及这些年来各国如何通过民主作为加强游戏的手段来发展和繁荣。有人说,民主与发展之间有着复杂的关系,虽然两者在很大程度上相互依赖,但两者都在相互支持中发挥着重要作用。该论文首先了解民主和发展实际上是什么,然后继续评估民主与发展之间的一些关键(因果)联系,以及两者实际上如何联系在一起以及民主实际上是一种(预)根据现代化理论,发展的必要条件。


The paper discusses the relationship between democracy and development and then moves on to disclose the apparent relationship between China and India, establishing both as rivals.

However, with both having different types of governmental systems. Development indicators are discussed in detail along with democratic indicators such as the objective and subjective indicators. However, the primary focus of the paper will be on development indicators in order to assess whether there really is a causal relationship between democracy and development. And whether the former truly is a pre-requisite of the latter.

However, with indicators like Gross Domestic Products, Gross National Product, and Human Development Indicators being used to determine the performance of the two countries. It is then determined that democracy is not needed to ensure the progress of a nation and the development is dependent upon governmental policies. And the political structure that is developed for the governance of the country. The structure sets apart the two countries from one another and allows one to gain an advantage in terms of its earnings and year on year growth.

Finally the paper is concluded based on the results obtained from the research and the study and it is determined that democracy is not necessary in order to ensure the development and progress of a nation. Examples are cited from India and China and it is learned that while India is the world’s largest democracy. Even so, the country is not yet developed to the extent that China has achieved over the years. Additionally, China is considered to be a super power in the Asian continent and is expected to become a super power of the world in the next couple of years.

译文:

该文件讨论了民主与发展之间的关系,然后继续披露中国和印度之间的明显关系,将双方确立为竞争对手。 民主与发展代写

但是,两者都有不同类型的政府系统。发展指标与客观指标和主观指标等民主指标一起详细讨论,然而,本文的主要重点将放在发展指标上,以评估民主与发展之间是否真的存在因果关系,以及民主与发展之间是否存在因果关系。前者确实是后者的先决条件。

但是,使用国内生产总值、国民生产总值和人类发展指标等指标来确定两国的表现。然后确定不需要民主来确保一个国家的进步,而发展取决于政府政策和为国家治理而制定的政治结构。这种结构将两国区分开来,使两国在收益和同比增长方面获得优势。

最后根据研究和研究的结果得出结论,认为民主不是保证一个国家的发展和进步所必需的。以印度和中国为例,据了解,虽然印度是世界上最大的民主国家,但即便如此,该国还没有发展到中国多年来取得的成就。此外,中国被认为是亚洲大陆的超级大国,有望在未来几年成为世界超级大国。


Democracy and Development

Democracy is usually meant to state that the power lies in the hands of the citizens directly or indirectly through a system of representation. Which forms the government and thus, the country is governed by that body. (Shihata I. F. I., 1997) The minimalistic and basic definition of democracy is that it is an institutional arrangement. For reaching political conclusions and taking political decisions in which individuals gain the power to make those decisions through a competitive struggle against other contenders for the vote of the people” (Schumpeter, 1942).

There are 7 key elements which are important to ensure the prevalence of democracy which form the criteria for a democratic government. These include;

  1. Elected Officials have the power to control the decisions taken by the government.
  2. The elections are free, and fair, and occur after frequent intervals.
  3. People have the right to run for the public office.
  4. The citizens have freedom of expression
  5. Universal Adul suffrage
  6. The citizens have access to multiple sources of information, which are not monopolized or manipulated by the government or any other party.
  7. The citizens have the freedom of association i.e. they can form any groups or join any parties whether political or humanitarian. Or any other groups of interest they want to be associated with.

Democracy allows the citizens to gain civil liberties along with civil rights, whereas, the entire process is highly inclusive, free from any corruption, or repression, and allows citizens to make informed decisions, by having access to immense information.

译文:

民主与发展  民主与发展代写

民主通常意味着权力通过形成政府的代表制直接或间接掌握在公民手中,因此国家由该机构治理(Shihata I. F. I.,1997)。民主的简约和基本定义是,它是一种制度安排,用于得出政治结论和做出政治决定,其中个人通过与其他竞争者的竞争性斗争来获得做出这些决定的权力”(熊彼特, 1942)。

有 7 个关键要素对于确保民主的普遍性很重要,这些要素构成了民主政府的标准。这些包括;

1.民选官员有权控制政府做出的决定

2.选举是自由、公平的,而且经常间隔一次

3.人们有权竞选公职

4.公民有言论自由

5.成人普选

6.公民可以访问多种信息源,这些信息源不受政府或任何其他方的垄断或操纵

7.公民有结社自由,即他们可以组建任何团体或加入任何政党,无论是政治或人道主义团体,还是他们想与之相关的任何其他利益团体

民主允许公民在获得公民权利的同时获得公民自由,而整个过程具有高度包容性,没有任何腐败或压制,并允许公民通过获得大量信息来做出明智的决定。


 

Development on the other hand is described as all forms of human progress, and the enjoyment of a better quality of life (Shihata I. F.I, 1997).

When a country progresses, the focus on development, whether it be for infrastructural development, educational institutes, or technology, increases, which eventually improves the way of life for its citizens. This in turn leads to happy residents, who are satisfied with the government and happy with the decision they have made. Thus, democracy and development have a unique relationship with each other. The positive correlation between (high levels of) wealth and (established) democracy, first captured by Martin Lipset in his famous 1959 essay ‘Some Social Requisites of Democracy’, is one of the strongest and most enduring relationships in the social sciences (Menocal A. R. 2007).

民主与发展代写
民主与发展代写

According to the PENN world table dollars, democratic regimes never subside once a specific income level is reached. While there is a strong correlation between the two, it does not mean that democracy is the actual cause of development. Some people define development as freedom, such as Sen (1999), whereas, others have a more confined view of what development entails. However, for those who define democracy as freedom, on both political as well as individual level, along with having all rights and liberties. While the governing authorities assume transparency for the general public to see and be involved in the matters related to progress, along with providing protective security and safety to all its citizens. Then many experts state that development is indeed a cause of democracy and actually helps in progressing the country further. (Menocal A. R. 2007)

译文:

另一方面,发展被描述为人类进步的所有形式,以及对更好生活质量的享受(Shihata I. F.I,1997)。  民主与发展代写

当一个国家取得进步时,对发展的关注就会增加,无论是基础设施建设、教育机构还是技术,最终都会改善其公民的生活方式。这反过来又会使居民感到高兴,他们对政府感到满意,并对他们做出的决定感到满意。因此,民主与发展之间有着独特的关系。 (高水平的)财富与(已建立的)民主之间的正相关关系,首先由 Martin Lipset 在他 1959 年著名的论文“民主的一些社会要求”中捕捉到,是社会科学中最强大和最持久的关系之一(Menocal AR 2007)。

根据宾夕法尼亚大学的世界桌美元,一旦达到特定的收入水平,民主政权就永远不会消退。虽然两者之间存在很强的相关性,但这并不意味着民主是发展的真正原因。有些人将发展定义为自由,例如 Sen(1999),而其他人则对发展意味着什么有更狭隘的看法。然而,对于那些将民主定义为自由的人来说,在政治和个人层面上,以及拥有所有权利和自由,而管理当局假设公众可以看到并参与与进步相关的事务的透明度,以及为所有公民提供保护性保障和安全,然后许多专家表示,发展确实是民主的原因,实际上有助于国家进一步进步(Menocal AR 2007)。


 

Indicators of Democracy and Development

Different strategies have been developed to measure democracy by social scientists, for empirical analysis which include measures utilizing ordinal scales, objective measures, categorical measures, hybrid measures, perceptual measures, and opinion based measures. The corruption index, and perception of transparency are some of the indicators being used to determine the effectiveness of democracy in the country along with the level of development. IDEA (International Instutute of Democracy and Electoral Assistance) has developed a framework via which they assess the democracy in a country. However, it is not based on the country’s ranking, rather it is based on the results of the national assessment teams. Which are formed by the civil society or government, and even sometimes academic institutions to determine the overall effectiveness of the level of democracy within the country.

In this paper we will be looking at three indicators of democracy and development, and assess the performance of the selected countries based on them. The indicators that we have selected to discuss include; Democracy Scales, Objectives Measures, Hybrid Measures, and Perceptions of Democracy and Institutional Trust.

Now we will look at each of the indicators separately to understand what each one holds and entails, thereby, having a clear understanding regarding how best to assess this information and then compare the two countries selected for this paper, namely China and India.

译文:

民主与发展指标  民主与发展代写

社会科学家已经开发了不同的策略来衡量民主,用于实证分析,其中包括使用顺序量表的衡量标准、客观衡量标准、分类衡量标准、混合衡量标准、感知衡量标准和基于意见的衡量标准。腐败指数和对透明度的看法是用于确定该国民主有效性和发展水平的一些指标。 IDEA (International Instutute of Democracy and Electoral Assistance) 制定了一个评估一个国家民主的框架,然而,它不是基于国家的排名,而是基于国家评估小组的结果,他们是由民间社会或政府,有时甚至是学术机构组成,以确定该国民主水平的整体有效性。

在本文中,我们将研究民主和发展的三个指标,并根据这些指标评估所选国家的表现。我们选择讨论的指标包括:民主量表、目标测量、混合测量以及对民主和制度信任的看法。

现在我们将分别查看每个指标以了解每个指标的含义和含义,从而清楚地了解如何最好地评估这些信息,然后比较本文选择的两个国家,即中国和印度。


Democracy Scales

This represents an ordinal scale which measures democracy based on a specified criteria, which judges countries. It assumes that democracy is continuous and provides scales from high to low range. Thereby, making it easier to assess the sentiment of the general public. The polity data series assesses the democratic and autocratic features and provides a scale. Which determines the level of democracy or the level of autocracy that is prevalent in a country. The scale ranges from -10 to +10, with responses for various scenarios and questions being provided by the citizens.

These assess political stability, civil rights and liberties, government responsiveness, corruption, government transparency and accountability, military police and control, free and fair elections, law and its implementation, and civic and political participation along with political parties. Freedom House has two separate scales for political and civil liberties that range from 1 (full enjoyment of liberties) to 7 (full restriction of liberties). Which have often featured in cross-national comparisons in some combined form as a measure of democracy (Helliwell, Beck L, Berckhurt, 1994). These measures provide greater variation in democracy and provide a glimpse of what the situation may be like. However, this approach does not give a clear picture of the democratic performance of the countries and even presents a view based on political unrest which may be found in an authoritarian and democratic state.

译文:

民主天平  民主与发展代写

这代表了一个序数尺度,它根据特定的标准来衡量民主,该标准对国家进行评判。它假设民主是连续的,并提供从高到低的范围,从而更容易评估公众的情绪。政体数据系列评估民主和专制特征,并提供一个衡量民主水平或一个国家普遍存在的专制水平的尺度。范围从 -10 到 +10,由公民提供对各种场景和问题的回答。

这些评估政治稳定性、公民权利和自由、政府响应能力、腐败、政府透明度和问责制、军警和控制、自由和公正的选举、法律及其实施,以及公民和政治参与以及政党。自由之家有两个独立的政治和公民自由量表,范围从 1(充分享受自由)到 7(完全限制自由),它们经常以某种组合形式出现在跨国比较中,作为衡量民主的一种方式(Helliwell , Beck L, Berckhurt, 1994)。这些措施提供了更大的民主变化,并提供了对情况可能是什么样子的一瞥。然而,这种方法并没有清晰地描绘出各国的民主表现,甚至提出了一种基于政治动荡的观点,这种观点可能会出现在一个专制和民主国家。


 

Objective Indicators

These measures do not have a fixed set of criteria for judging the democracy within a country. Instead objective measures concentrate on the available indicators that judge and ascertain the performance of democratic practices. There are different measures of participation and contestation that are used, such as the percentage of parties with the smallest number of members, in the national legislature, which measures contestation. On the other hand the turnout received in national elections, that percentage is used to measure the level of participation. The index of democratization is then developed by multiplying the measures of contestation and participation. This method is objective and presents a much better and clearer picture of the level of democracy in a country.

However, there are some drawbacks to this method, such as the fact that this method does not take into account the type of electoral system within the country. This has a direct link to the number of parties that are present in the legislature. As countries with a larger proportional representation. Which may have greater number of parties than countries with smaller parties. On the other hand, some countries even have laws which make voting compulsory for all eligible citizens. Therefore, making the number of people who voted not be because of voluntary turnout. However, even with all these drawbacks, the measure has been used for a quantitative analysis. (Menocal A. R. 2007)

译文:

目标指标  民主与发展代写

这些措施没有一套固定的标准来判断一个国家的民主。取而代之的是,客观衡量标准集中于判断和确定民主实践绩效的可用指标。使用了不同的参与和竞争衡量标准,例如在衡量竞争的国家立法机构中成员人数最少的政党的百分比。另一方面,在全国选举中获得的投票率,该百分比用于衡量参与程度。然后通过将竞争和参与的措施相乘来制定民主化指数。这种方法是客观的,可以更好、更清晰地了解一个国家的民主水平。

但是,这种方法也存在一些缺点,例如这种方法没有考虑到国内选举制度的类型。这与立法机构中存在的政党数量有直接联系,因为具有较大比例代表的国家可能比具有较小政党的国家拥有更多的政党。另一方面,一些国家甚至有法律规定所有符合条件的公民都必须进行投票,因此,投票的人数不是因为自愿投票。然而,即使存在所有这些缺点,该措施仍被用于定量分析(Menocal A. R. 2007)。


 

Hybrid Measures

Hybrid measures on the other hand make use of both objective as well as subjective measures in order to measure democracy in the country. This strategy was used by Staffan Lindberg, to focus on three dimensions of elections, i.e. competition, participation, and legitimacy. The objective measures that he used included voter turnout, percentage of votes received by the candidate who won the elections.

The percentage of seats won by the winning party, and the runner up’s number of seats won. On the other hand the subjective measures included the fairness of the elections, the level of corruption within the country. And the opportunity received by the opposition to participate in the elections. And if the elections process went smoothly and was peaceful. These measures were viewed separately, which in turn led to the analysis of the democratic state along with the level of development within that country.

译文:

混合措施  民主与发展代写

另一方面,混合措施利用客观和主观措施来衡量该国的民主。 Staffan Lindberg 使用这种策略来关注选举的三个维度,即竞争、参与和合法性。 The objective measures that he used included voter turnout, percentage of votes received by the candidate who won the elections.

获胜方赢得的席位百分比,以及亚军赢得的席位数量。 另一方面,主观衡量标准包括选举的公平性、国内的腐败程度、反对派获得的参与选举的机会,以及选举过程是否顺利和和平。 这些措施被分开看待,这反过来又导致对民主国家以及该国发展水平的分析。


Indicators of Development

There are multiple indicators of development which are used to assess the progress of a country and helps in determining how well a country is performing. As mentioned earlier, a country is considered to be well developed when the institutions are strong, law and order is prevalent and being followed, there is no civil unrest among the citizens, and the life of the people has improved and upgraded from their previous generations’. Following are some of the indicators of development.

  1. GDP (Gross Domestic Product)
  2. GNP (Gross National Product)
  3. GNP per capita
  4. Mortality Rate
  5. Human Development Index
  6. Literacy Rate
  7. Life Expectancy Rate

These are some of the indicators of development which can be used to determine the level of development in a country and even to identify and address gaps (if any). Now we will look at each factor in detail.

译文:

发展指标  民主与发展代写

有多种发展指标可用于评估一个国家的进步,并有助于确定一个国家的表现如何。 如前所述,一个国家如果制度强大,法律和秩序普遍并得到遵守,公民没有内乱,人民的生活比前几代人有所改善和提升。 ‘。 以下是一些发展指标。

1.GDP(国内生产总值)
2.GNP(国民生产总值)
3.人均国民生产总值
4.死亡率
5.人类发展指数
6.识字率
7.预期寿命率

这些是一些发展指标,可用于确定一个国家的发展水平,甚至可以确定和解决差距(如果有的话)。 现在我们将详细研究每个因素。


 

Gross Domestic Product

The GDP is a measure of the level of money that is made by a country from the products that are produced there during the course of a year, which is usually converted to US dollars as most of the currencies are pegged against it.

Gross National Product

This is the sum of GDP along with the earnings on any investment that the country has made abroad (inclusive of the country’s residents’ earning abroad) less the amount that is being earned by the non-nationals living in the host country.

GNP per Capita

This is calculated as the GNP divided by the population of a country thereby, giving the idea of the GNP per capita. This is one of the most common indicators that is used to measure the development of a country, however, this measure does not take into certain forms or types of production, which sometimes makes it an imperfect measure.

Mortality rates

The mortality rates refers to the birth and death rates per 1000 citizens, which can be used to determine the overall state of healthcare services being provided to the population at large, along with the level of education within a country. However, these numbers are not indicative of the entire picture of the country and the situation it is in.

译文:

国内生产总值  民主与发展代写

GDP 是衡量一个国家在一年中从那里生产的产品中赚取的货币水平的指标,由于大多数货币与美元挂钩,因此通常将其转换为美元。

国民生产总值

这是 GDP 加上该国在国外进行的任何投资的收入(包括该国居民在国外的收入)减去居住在东道国的非国民的收入的总和。

人均国民生产总值

这计算为国民生产总值除以一个国家的人口,从而得出人均国民生产总值的概念。这是用于衡量一个国家发展程度的最常见指标之一,但是,该衡量指标并未涵盖某些形式或类型的生产,这有时使其成为一种不完善的衡量标准。

死亡率

死亡率是指每 1000 名公民的出生率和死亡率,可用于确定向广大民众提供的医疗保健服务的整体状况,以及一个国家的教育水平。然而,这些数字并不代表该国的全貌及其所处的情况。


 

Human Development Index (HDI)

The HDI is a combination of multiple measures, which include the education index, life expectancy index, expected and mean years of schooling index, along with the income index. Each country receives a ranking based on how they score on each index and the sum of all the indices. One the rank is determine, the country is them split into categories, depending on where its score lies. And based on how well they are ranked, shows how developed the countries actually are.

Literacy Rate

This helps in indicating the level of educated people within the country as it measures the number of people who are able to read. It is considered to be a highly useful indicator, as a literate population is more aware of the consequences of its actions.

Life Expectancy Rate

The life expectancy rate is used as an indicator to determine the quality of life, along with the level of healthcare services available, with the level of sanitation within the country. It also includes the care that is available for the elderly, thereby, judges the quality of life being led by the population.

译文:

人类发展指数(HDI)  民主与发展代写

HDI 是多种衡量指标的组合,包括教育指数、预期寿命指数、预期和平均受教育年限指数以及收入指数。每个国家都会根据它们在每个指数上的得分以及所有指数的总和来获得排名。排名之一是确定的,将国家分为几类,具体取决于其分数所在的位置,并根据排名情况显示这些国家的实际发达程度。

识字率

这有助于表明该国受过教育的人的水平,因为它衡量了能够阅读的人数。它被认为是一个非常有用的指标,因为识字的人群更了解其行为的后果。

预期寿命率

预期寿命被用作确定生活质量、可用医疗保健服务水平以及国内卫生水平的指标。它还包括为老年人提供的护理,从而判断人口的生活质量。


民主与发展代写
民主与发展代写

Analysis of Indicators

The two countries that have been selected for this paper are China and India. Both countries are developing nations that have shown phenomenal growth over the past years. India is considered to be the largest democracy in the entire world, whereas, China on the other hand has the largest population in the world. Both countries have a growing middle class, due to which the Western World consider them to be emerging economies.

Both of the economies have been growing at a phenomenal rate which has attracted immense investment from abroad. To the extent that now both countries have started investing their resources in other countries. In Asia, India is consider to be one of the leading economies by the United States of America, especially, with a huge work force comprising of mostly youngsters. The average GDP growth rate of India is 6.72% which is considered to be one of the highest in today’s era. India is now projected to become power house of the world economic order. This is projection given by Goldman Sachs and other economists (Rigi F. M., 2011).

译文:

指标分析  民主与发展代写

入选本文的两个国家是中国和印度。这两个国家都是发展中国家,在过去几年中表现出惊人的增长。印度被认为是全世界最大的民主国家,而中国则是世界上人口最多的国家。这两个国家都有不断壮大的中产阶级,因此西方世界认为它们是新兴经济体。

这两个经济体都以惊人的速度增长,吸引了来自国外的大量投资,以至于现在两国都开始在其他国家投资资源。在亚洲,印度被美利坚合众国视为主要经济体之一,尤其是拥有庞大的劳动力,其中大部分是年轻人。印度的平均 GDP 增长率为 6.72%,被认为是当今时代最高的国家之一。印度现在预计将成为世界经济秩序的强国。这是高盛和其他经济学家给出的预测(Rigi F. M.,2011)。


 

On the other hand

The average GDP growth rate for China has been 6.8%, again an impressive figure which has led the country to develop faster. And advance in both technology and industry, thereby, improving the quality of life for its people. Since many of the countries are outsourcing their services and production to China. That production is helping the economy grow and improve. Most of the smartphones are manufactured in China with some even being assembled there. With the competition among the two countries increasing with each passing year. Experts anticipate who will have a stronger influence on the Asian market. As both the countries are trying to be the dominant player.

The two compete today in not just trade, but also manufacturing and commerce along with operating in international markets. These emerging economies have paved way for newer products and multinational companies have successfully exploited their larger population base. India’s capacity is considered to be its precious resource, i.e. the human capital whereas. For China it is considered to be technology along with cheap labor force. Just like in India, China too has a young workforce which has become the country’s strength over the past couple of years. And has allows it to successfully maintain GDP in double digits, earning trillions of dollars through sheer hard work and production on a large scale. India’s GDP, while significant on its own, falls short of the level that is being earned by the Chinese economy.

译文:

另一方面  民主与发展代写

中国的平均GDP增长率为6.8%,再次是一个令人印象深刻的数字,带动了国家在技术和工业上的更快发展和进步,从而提高了人民的生活质量。由于许多国家将服务和生产外包给中国,这种生产正在帮助经济增长和改善。大多数智能手机在中国制造,有些甚至在中国组装。随着两国之间的竞争逐年加剧,专家预计谁将对亚洲市场产生更大的影响,因为两国都在努力成为主导者。

如今,这两家公司不仅在贸易方面展开竞争,而且还在制造和商业以及在国际市场上的经营方面展开竞争。这些新兴经济体为更新产品铺平了道路,跨国公司成功地利用了其更大的人口基础。印度的能力被认为是其宝贵的资源,即人力资本,而对中国而言,它被认为是技术和廉价劳动力。就像印度一样,中国也有年轻的劳动力,这几年成为国家的强项,并成功地将GDP保持在两位数,通过艰苦的工作和大规模生产赚取了数万亿美元.印度的 GDP 本身虽然很重要,但仍达不到中国经济的水平。


 

With a 1.379 billion population, China scores slightly higher than India that has a population of 1.324 billion.

However, despite this China’s economy is far superior than India’s economy, due to higher GDP, GNP, and even the Human Development Index. In the aforementioned section, many different indicators were mentioned and discussed in detail, out of which these three indicators have been selected to analyze and compare the two countries though to become the super powers of the Asian continent. Even China’s GNP (Gross National product) is more than double that of the Indian economy’s, which suggest that China’s growth is far greater and performance far better than India.

China has been consistently maintaining its GDP growth rate of 6.8%, which shows that the country’s performance has been well maintained to help its citizens avail a certain level of life. However, even with this rate, the ranking of the country is not that high where he Human Development Index is concerned. In addition to Health, Education, Civil Rights and Environmental issues, the latest Human Development Index is added by the most dynamic concept such as empowerment, sustainability/ vulnerability, Gender inequality (Rigi F. M., 2011).

Both China and India are part of a group of countries in HDI ranking which are termed to be the “Medium Human Development” countries. Where China ranks at the 90th Rank and India on 131st (HDI, 2016).

译文:

中国拥有 13.79 亿人口,其得分略高于拥有 13.24 亿人口的印度。  民主与发展代写

然而,尽管如此,由于更高的 GDP、GNP 甚至人类发展指数,中国的经济还是远远优于印度的经济。上一节提到并详细讨论了许多不同的指标,从中选择这三个指标来分析和比较两国虽然成为亚洲大陆的超级大国。甚至中国的GNP(国民生产总值)也是印度经济的两倍多,这表明中国的增长速度和表现都远好于印度。
中国一直保持着6.8%的GDP增速,这说明中国在帮助国民享受一定生活水平方面保持了良好的表现。然而,即使是这样的速度,该国在人类发展指数方面的排名也没有那么高。除了健康、教育、民权和环境问题之外,最新的人类发展指数还加入了最具活力的概念,例如赋权、可持续性/脆弱性、性别不平等(Rigi F. M.,2011)。
中国和印度都是人类发展指数排名中被称为“中等人类发展”国家的一组国家的一部分,其中中国排名第 90 位,印度排名第 131 位(HDI,2016 年)。

 


Currently

It ranks on the 90th number, showing that the level of care and facilities being offered to the citizens may not be as high as anticipated or expected from an economy that is growing at such a phenomenal rate. However, The China National Human Development Report 2016, which was initiated two years ago, shows that of the 47 countries classified as having a low level of human development in 1990, China is the only one that has now achieved a high level. According to the report, the contribution of China’s economic growth to its HDI growth was 56.3 percent, with that proportion reaching a peak of 65.5 during the 1980s (Quora).

While the overall rate is not that good, there are certain provinces in China where the HDI is high such as Kerala with a HDI of 0.790, and Hong Kong with HDI of 0.910. As can be seen in the table, the value of China’s HDI is better and far greater than that of India. Stronger result is primarily due to the fact that the number of educated people in China is far greater than the number of educated people in India, due to which India ranks lower in the HDI ranking. The life expectancy at birth for Indians is also considered to be less from the life expectancy for Chinese people. In china primary school dropout is almost nil whereas India’s school dropout rate is highest in the Medium Human Development Index group countries (Rigi F. M., 2011).

译文:

现在  民主与发展代写

它排在第 90 位,表明向公民提供的护理和设施水平可能没有以如此惊人的速度增长的经济所预期或预期的那么高。然而,两年前发起的《2016年中国人类发展报告》显示,在1990年被列为人类发展水平较低的47个国家中,中国是目前唯一达到较高水平的国家。报告称,中国经济增长对人类发展指数增长的贡献率为56.3%,这一比例在1980年代达到了65.5的峰值(Quora)。

虽然总体比率不是很好,但中国有一些省份的 HDI 较高,例如喀拉拉邦的 HDI 为 0.790,香港的 HDI 为 0.910。从表中可以看出,中国 HDI 的价值要好得多,而且远远大于印度。较好的结果主要是因为中国受过教育的人数远远多于印度受过教育的人数,因此印度在 HDI 排名中排名较低。印度人出生时的预期寿命也被认为低于中国人的预期寿命。在中国,小学辍学率几乎为零,而印度的辍学率在中等人类发展指数组国家中最高(Rigi F. M.,2011)。


 

Economic Indicators China India
2015 2016 2015 2016
GDP $20.3 trillion $21.66 trillion $8.265 trillion $8.852 trillion
GNP per Capita $19.73 trillion $ 21.37 trillion $ 7.926 trillion $8.594 trillion
HDI 0.738 0.727 0.609 0.624

 

Moving on

There are certain other factors that will be discussed in order to determine the relationship between democracy and development. Many people are of the opinion that China is a democratic country however, others are of the opinion that Chinese democracy is different from the democracy being followed in the western world. As mentioned earlier as well, India is consider to be the largest democracy in the world. Because China is not considered to be a democracy by most people in the world due to its communist approach and the fact that the country only has one political party. While China does have elections to elect the members of the parliament. However, the right to select and appoint the president still lies with National People’s Congress.

A government in China is always formed by the Communist party nullifying the crux of Democracy (Shrinag, 2017). The leadership is autocratic in nature, as most people are not allowed to stand in governance who are not party members of their only political party. This shows that the country is in fact not democratic in nature. And then begs the question that even without democracy the country has been performing well. And progressing with each passing year based on the year on year growth discussed above. Therefore, India is in fact the biggest democracy, even though there is a lot of political unrest in the country with the matter of Muslims and Hindus clashing with each other. Especially with BJP taking an extreme take on things and acting out that leads to much unrest politically and economically which affects the HDI ranking.

译文:

继续  民主与发展代写

为了确定民主与发展之间的关系,还将讨论某些其他因素。许多人认为中国是一个民主国家,但也有人认为中国民主不同于西方世界所遵循的民主。如前所述,印度被认为是世界上最大的民主国家。因为中国由于其共产主义方式以及该国只有一个政党的事实,因此不被世界上大多数人认为是民主国家。而中国确实有选举议员的选举。但是,总统的选举和任命权仍然在全国人大。

中国的政府总是由共产党废除民主的关键组成(Shrinag,2017)。领导层本质上是专制的,因为大多数不是其唯一政党的党员的人不允许参与治理。这说明这个国家实际上是不民主的,这就引出了一个问题,即使没有民主,这个国家也一直表现良好,并且在上面讨论的逐年增长的基础上逐年进步。因此,印度实际上是最大的民主国家,尽管该国存在很多政治动荡,穆斯林和印度教徒之间发生冲突,尤其是印度人民党对事情采取极端态度并采取行动导致很多影响人类发展指数排名的政治和经济动荡。


 

Human resource is the key element of both countries which sets it apart from others.

Both countries have extremely talented youngsters at their disposal, with the only challenge being that China has a higher ratio of educated youngsters as compared to India, which gives the country a competitive edge. In order to become a dominant figure in Asia, both countries need to focus on and develop their human capital further. China has proved that the economic dominance of world economic power could be exercised without democracy but with enhancement of human development indices measured in terms of health, education, gender equality and equal and equitable distribution of wealth even through non democratic influences (Rigi F. M. 2011).

However, India on the other hand is making use of the mixed economy, while proving that a democratic state can be successful as well, however, as the table provided above indicated. Even with the level of population the country isn’t performing as well as it can and should. Therefore, the emphasis on further developing the human capital. Side by side, the country needs to focus on building technologies that help advance it further into becoming the biggest democratic economy of the world.

译文:

人力资源是两国区别于其他国家的关键要素。 民主与发展代写

两国都拥有非常有天赋的年轻人,唯一的挑战是与印度相比,中国的受教育年轻人比例更高,这使该国具有竞争优势。为了成为亚洲的主导人物,两国都需要进一步关注和发展他们的人力资本。中国已经证明,可以在没有民主的情况下实现世界经济强国的经济主导地位,但即使通过非民主的影响,以健康、教育、性别平等和财富公平分配等衡量的人类发展指数的提高(Rigi FM 2011) .

然而,另一方面,印度正在利用混合经济,同时证明民主国家也可以成功,然而,如上表所示。即使有这样的人口水平,该国的表现也没有达到应有的水平。因此,强调进一步开发人力资本。同时,该国需要专注于构建有助于进一步推动其成为世界上最大民主经济体的技术。


 

Results

Based on the aforementioned information and the results obtained from the analysis of the indicators of the two chosen countries, i.e. India and China, it can be determined that the Chinese economy is far more developed than the Indian economy. And thus showing that it is not necessary for a country to be a democracy in order to be successful. Progress depends on the policies that are being decided upon and implemented, while at the same time. How well the citizens are able to except and adjust to those policies. When looked at closely, China fares better on all indices when compared with India, even though the difference in their population is minimal at most.

What should be taken as key learning from China is their focus on providing the basic amenities of life to its citizens at a superior level, thereby, improving the level of life.

This is done through technological advancements, focus on infrastructural development, and ensuring education among the younger generation. India needs to focus on increasing the number of educated youngsters so that it can fare better on the HDI ranking. At the same time, development will be made possible with better educated and well equipped work force. Democracy is not a pre-requisite of development as has been shown by the progress China has made over the years.

It can also be noticed that with proper practices and policies, which are accepted by the majority of the population a country can develop into a power to be reckoned with. China has become one of the leading countries of the world and is on its way towards becoming the super power as well. All of this has been made possible not because the country is a democracy but because it is not. Or perhaps, democracy never has a role to play in its development, neither did being a communist country. And it was the desire to make life better for its citizens that helped the country prosper and grow.

译文:

结果  民主与发展代写

根据上述信息以及对印度和中国这两个国家的指标进行分析得出的结果,可以确定中国经济远比印度经济发达,因此表明没有必要一个国家要民主才能成功。进展取决于正在决定和实施的政策,同时,公民能够如何排除和适应这些政策。仔细观察,与印度相比,中国在所有指数上的表现都更好,尽管两者的人口差异至多是微乎其微的。

应该把中国作为重点学习的重点是他们专注于为中国公民提供更高水平的基本生活设施,从而提高生活水平。

这是通过技术进步、注重基础设施发展和确保年轻一代的教育来实现的。印度需要专注于增加受过教育的年轻人的数量,以便在 HDI 排名中表现更好。与此同时,受过良好教育和装备精良的劳动力将使发展成为可能。正如中国多年来取得的进步所表明的那样,民主并不是发展的先决条件。

还可以看到,一个国家可以通过为大多数人所接受的正确做法和政策发展成为一个不可忽视的强国。中国已经成为世界领先国家之一,也正在向超级大国迈进。所有这一切之所以成为可能,不是因为这个国家是一个民主国家,而是因为它不是。或许,民主在其发展中从来没有发挥作用,作为一个共产主义国家也没有,正是希望让公民的生活更美好,帮助国家繁荣和发展。


 

Conclusion

In the end it can be concluded based in the aforementioned results that while there is a relationship between democracy and development. It is not necessary for a country to be democratic in nature in order to succeed. A clear cut example is that of China, which even after not being a democracy has been successful in becoming one of the biggest countries of the world. Especially with the manufacturing sector growing at fast pace and many of the multinational corporations outsourcing their production units here. Additionally, it must also be noticed that education and technological advancements have played a key role in ensuring the success of the country.

On the other hand

India, considered to be the largest democracy of the world, is not even close to the levels that have been achieved by China. As has been presented in the table, the GDP and GNP is less than half of China’s with year on year growth close to the Chinese economy’s. However, the talented younger generation seems to be under utilized. While much of India’s success can be attributed to democracy, China’s example still shows that even without being a democracy economic development can be achieved and made possible. The country has not only proved this but also has become one of the leading country’s that is said to become the next super power of the world.

The results indicated that while being a democracy is beneficial to a country. It does not ensure development and success for the country. Two countries with different political structures were compared with each other and it was determined that while China does not possess a democratic system. And is not a democracy, the level of development that it has achieved is far greater than the world’s largest democracy.

译文:

结论  民主与发展代写

最后,根据上述结果可以得出结论,虽然民主与发展之间存在关系,但一个国家不一定要民主才能取得成功。一个明显的例子是中国,即使不是民主国家,它也成功地成为世界上最大的国家之一。特别是随着制造业的快速发展,许多跨国公司将其生产部门外包给这里。此外,还必须注意到,教育和技术进步在确保国家成功方面发挥了关键作用。

另一方面

印度被认为是世界上最大的民主国家,它甚至无法达到中国所达到的水平。如表所示,GDP和GNP不到中国的一半,同比增长接近中国经济。然而,才华横溢的年轻一代似乎没有得到充分利用。虽然印度的大部分成功都归功于民主,但中国的例子仍然表明,即使没有民主,经济发展也可以实现并成为可能。该国不仅证明了这一点,而且还成为了据称成为世界下一个超级大国的领先国家之一。

结果表明,民主制对国家有利。它并不能确保国家的发展和成功。两个政治结构不同的国家相互比较,确定中国不具备民主制度。并且不是民主国家,它所达到的发展水平远远超过世界上最大的民主国家。


 

References  民主与发展代写

Alina Rocha Menoca, ANALYSING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DEMOCRACY AND DEVELOPMENT: DEFINING BASIC CONCEPTS AND ASSESSING KEY LINKAGES, retrieved 3-5-18 from; https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/1981.pdf

Dr.Feisal Mirkazehi Rigi, A BRIEF COMPARISON BETWEEN INDIA AND CHINA AS EMERGING ECONOMY IN ASIA, retrieved 3-5-18 from; http://www.ijeronline.com/documents/volumes/Vol%202%20issue%206/ijer20110206ND(13).pdf

Democracy and development, retrieved 3-5-18 from; http://www-personal.umd.umich.edu/~delittle/Democracy%20and%20development.pdf

Dr. Todd Landman, Developing Democracy: Concepts, Measures, and Empirical Relationships, retrieved 3-5-18 from; https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/speeches/Developing-Democracy-Concepts-Measures-and-Empirical-Relationships-PDF.pdf

Measuring Democracy and Democratic Governance in a post-2015 Development Framework, UNDP, retrieved 3-5-18 from; http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Democratic%20Governance/OGC/Post2015%20governance%20metrics%20_14%20Aug.pdf

Democratic indicators and trends, retrieved 3-5-18 from; https://sites.hks.harvard.edu/fs/pnorris/Acrobat/Driving%20Democracy/Chapter%203.pdf

Is Democracy a Pre-Condition in Economic Growth? A Perspective from the Rise of Modern China, UN Chronicle, retrieved 3-5-18 from; https://unchronicle.un.org/article/democracy-pre-condition-economic-growth-perspective-rise-modern-china

Shrinag, Why is China not a Democratic Country? Here are the 10 Reasons for China being a Communist Country, retrieved 3-5-18 from; https://metrosaga.com/why-is-china-not-a-democratic-country/

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