Britannia Bridge (Menai Strait, Wales)
土木工程essay代写 In the wake of dramatic results in the construction industry, megastructures particularly in the civil engineering segment continue
Abstract 土木工程essay代写
In the wake of dramatic results in the construction industry, megastructures particularly in the civil engineering segment continue to thrill to this day. With even more promising future in the industry, such as the famous Transatlantic Tunnel, it is worth to mention where engineering inspiration has been coming from in historical structures. In this discourse, the Britannia Bridge is revisited a source of great inspiration for the modern construction and future similar works.
The study attempts to answer such questions as when, how, who and how big with regard t the details of the project from its design to completion. Alternatively, contained in the research is the civilization behind the project, the culture, and the contribution it must have made to the built environment. A critical analysis of the actual construction and the materials used has been used to assist in the generation of a what-if analysis of a scenario of the project being built today.土木工程essay代写
抽象的
在建筑业取得令人瞩目的成就之后，大型结构，特别是在土木工程领域，一直持续到今天。随着行业的发展前景更加广阔，例如著名的跨大西洋隧道，值得一提的是历史结构的灵感来自何处。在本篇演讲中，不列颠尼亚桥再次成为现代建筑和未来类似作品的灵感之源。该研究试图回答诸如从设计到完成的项目细节的何时，如何，谁以及多大等问题。另外，研究中包含的是项目背后的文明，文化及其对建筑环境必须做出的贡献。对实际施工和所用材料的严格分析已用于协助对当前正在建造的项目的情景进行假设分析。
Britannia Bridge (Menai Strait, Wales)
Introduction
Great bridge works in history are perhaps an inspiration for the construction of more exhilarating works in today’s and in the future needs. It goes without saying that great future construction works such as the envisioned Transatlantic Tunnel will build a lot on the past successful works of a similar challenge. Linking some of the most successful earliest construction projects that will spur growth in this built environment sector brings into the minds of engineers the contribution that suspension and tube bridges make.土木工程essay代写
In European construction history, some of the earliest bridges of this nature to be constructed and that studies can reveal useful insights on their engineering cannot ignore the great Welsh works. In this discourse, the Britannia Bridge that connects the Anglesey Island with mainland of the country is analyzed to reveal the intricate details of the project from construction to completion and reconstruction (Anglesey Mon Information, 1). For purposes of comparison of factors, the geography of the area around the bridge is briefly discussed, with explanation of why a bridge was needed. A mention of a second bridge serving the same purpose as the Britannia Bridge is made with a brief explanation of its construction aspects enabling comparison with the main bridge of discussion.
不列颠尼亚桥（威尔士梅奈海峡）
介绍
历史上伟大的桥梁作品也许是在当今和未来需求中兴建更多令人振奋的作品的灵感。毋庸置疑，诸如设想中的跨大西洋隧道之类的伟大未来建筑工程将在类似挑战的过去成功工程基础上进一步发展。将一些最成功的最早的建筑项目链接起来，将刺激这个建筑环境领域的发展，这使工程师们想到了悬索桥和管桥所做的贡献。在欧洲建筑史上，一些最早的具有这种性质的桥梁正在建造，并且研究可以揭示出对其工程学的有用见解，这些都不能忽视威尔士的伟大著作。在本篇文章中，将连接安格尔西岛和该国大陆的不列颠尼亚桥进行分析，以揭示该项目从建设到竣工和重建的复杂细节（Anglesey Mon Information，1）。为了比较因素，简要讨论了桥梁周围区域的地理，并解释了为什么需要桥梁。提及了与不列颠尼亚桥具有相同目的的第二座桥，并简要说明了其建造方面，从而可以与讨论的主桥进行比较。土木工程essay代写
When
In the mid 19th century, it was perhaps very unimaginable to have a tube bridge connecting an island with the mainland but in 1826, the Menai Bridge was completed. Its capacity was overstretched over the years and it became clear that as the flow of important cargo and people from both sides needed intervention. There were communication and linkage challenges between the British towns of Dublin and London at the time, which inspired engineering brains to be put to task.土木工程essay代写
Alternative link was identified as the main solution to the teething transportation challenge. This was made possible thanks to Robert Stephenson, who had to come up with an alternative route and structure to cater for the rising traffic. The journey of connection for these two major towns began in 1846 with an intention of cutting off more than six hours from the trip between them by way of a ferry (Kurrer, 76).
什么时候
在19世纪中叶，连接岛与大陆的管桥也许是非常难以想象的，但是1826年，梅奈桥建成了。多年来，它的能力过度紧张，而且很明显，由于重要的货物和双方人员的流动都需要干预。当时，都柏林和伦敦的英国城镇之间存在沟通和联系方面的挑战，这激发了工程技术人才的投入。替代链接被确定为应对运输挑战的主要解决方案。这要归功于罗伯特·斯蒂芬森（Robert Stephenson），他不得不想出一种替代的路线和结构来应对不断增长的交通量。这两个主要城镇的联系之旅始于1846年，目的是通过轮渡从他们之间的旅行中切断六个多小时（Kurrer，76）。
Designing the Britannia Bridge 土木工程essay代写
The design of the bridge was entrusted in the able hands of Robert Stephenson, an engineer and a son of a renowned locomotive engineer George Stephenson. Engineering design had to handle a few challenges that were present at the geography of the area. Menai Strait which has a variety of variations across its entire stretch had to be considered for the appropriate structure to be formulated for erection across the geography. Support system for the bridge was to tackle the turbulent current waters of the Strait at certain periods of the year and maintain the integrity of the structure as well.
Deliberations on the appropriate site to cross the Strait were made in light of other important factors such as distance and the stability of the ground from where the bridge was to be erected. Stephenson chose to erect the Bridge at a location where there is a midstream island known as the Britannia Rock for increased structural support to the ground. In hi design, the engineer chose piers for support of the tubular design of the railway which would run over the surface of the water inside the rectangular compartment. As mentioned earlier, the main inspiration of the design was partly due to the fact that the waterway was to be maintained without obscuring from structures such as the envisaged bridge.土木工程essay代写
设计大不列颠大桥
桥梁的设计交由工程师罗伯特·斯蒂芬森（Robert Stephenson）的才能完成，他是著名机车工程师乔治·史蒂芬森（George Stephenson）的儿子。工程设计必须应对该地区的地理环境所面临的一些挑战。梅奈海峡在整个范围内都有各种变化，因此必须考虑适当的结构，以便在整个地理区域内架设。该桥的支撑系统是在一年的某些时期内应对海峡湍急的水流，并保持建筑物的完整性。
在考虑过其他重要因素（例如距离和架设桥梁的地面的稳定性）之后，对穿越海峡两岸的适当地点进行了审议。斯蒂芬森（Stephenson）选择将桥架设在一个中流岛，称为不列颠尼亚岩（Britannia Rock），以增加对地面的结构支撑。在高设计中，工程师选择了支墩来支撑铁路的管状设计，该设计将在矩形车厢内的水面之上运行。如前所述，设计的主要灵感部分是由于这样的事实，即在维护水路的同时，不会遮挡所构想的桥梁等结构。
The Size 土木工程essay代写
Robert Stephenson arrived at a designed that would allow Britannia Bridge structure to stretch over initial length of about 140 meters. An additional length was fixed at the ends of the bridge to extend it to 461 meters of total length. Suspension technique meant that the main part of the bridge had to have solid beams that went deep into the ground for support of the structure. Design issues had to come to terms with the size of the entire structure from one end to the other, particularly as guided b y the material that was used in the support as well as completion of the suspended tube. Despite variations in the distance apart between the island and the mainland this distance had to be arrived at as the shortest distance possible in consideration of other factors.
Other stretch distances in the wide array of the Menai Strait’s width vary from 400m meters to over 1100 meters. Support system that was adopted for the bridge was to facilitate the ordinary shipping activities along the Strait without disruption. From such a design, the materials needed in the structural completion of the project were determined since the construction materials could be projected from the planning stage. Rectangular tubular structure was adopted for structural design that befitted the design of the time, for enhanced integrity over the entire distance. According t Brown (64), Stephenson made wide consultations regarding the choice of the cross section to use for the tube that would sustain its structural integrity across the entire length of the bridge. The author indicates that the best construction firms gave insights into the buildup of the arrival at a rectangular cross section which is much stringer that the rest.土木工程essay代写
尺寸
罗伯特·斯蒂芬森（Robert Stephenson）提出了一项设计，该设计将使不列颠尼亚桥（Britannia Bridge）结构能够延伸至约140米的初始长度。在桥的两端固定了一个额外的长度，以将其延伸到总长度461米。悬架技术意味着桥梁的主要部分必须具有坚固的横梁，该横梁深入地下以提供支撑结构。设计问题必须要考虑到整个结构从一端到另一端的尺寸，特别是在支撑材料以及悬挂管的制造完成时，要特别加以指导。尽管岛与大陆之间的距离有所不同，但在考虑其他因素的情况下，仍必须将该距离确定为最短的距离。
在梅奈海峡宽度范围内，其他伸展距离从400米到1100多米不等。桥梁采用的支持系统是在不中断的情况下促进海峡两岸的常规航运活动。通过这种设计，可以确定项目结构完成所需的材料，因为可以从计划阶段就对建筑材料进行投影。采用矩形管状结构进行结构设计，以适应当时的设计，从而在整个距离上增强了完整性。根据t Brown（64）的观点，Stephenson就选择用于管的横截面进行了广泛的咨询，这些横截面将在桥的整个长度上保持其结构完整性。作者指出，最好的建筑公司对到达矩形横截面的堆积物有深刻见解，而矩形横截面比其他横截面要严格得多。
The Civilization 土木工程essay代写
Britain was at the heart of the industrial revolution and the daring nature of the British engineers can be said to have been contributed by the vibrancy of the new order that was prevailing in Europe. It was therefore at a time that the construction and engineering civilization was undergoing major transformations that the idea to build bridges for linking major geographical locations that Britannia Bridge was built. Mining had been boosted by the realization of the industrial age that Europe was experiencing, as illustrated by the wrought-iron technology that was in a wide application. Effectively, transformations were experienced in the transport sector as illustrated by the need to have a second bridge to connect an island with the mainland.
The civilization behind these transformations explains the technological peak that the rest of the European countries were achieving at the period outlined at the construction of the bridge. From the turn of the turn of the 18th century, Britain was a leading industrialization revolutionist which had to be kept updated since the rest of the continental Europe was fast catching up with the benefits of the revolution. To tap the opportunity presented by the revolution, construction industry was not taken for granted as depicted in this project.
文明
英国是工业革命的核心，可以说英国工程师的勇敢性源于欧洲盛行的新订单的蓬勃发展。因此，正是在建筑和工程文明正在发生重大变革的时期，建造桥梁以连接主要地理位置的想法便成为了大不列颠桥梁的建造地。欧洲正在经历的工业时代的实现促进了采矿业的发展，铁艺技术的广泛应用就说明了这一点。实际上，交通运输业经历了变革，这表明需要建立第二座桥梁以将岛屿与大陆连接起来。
这些转变背后的文明解释了欧洲其他国家在桥梁建造概述的时期所达到的技术高峰。从18世纪之交开始，英国是领先的工业化革命家，由于欧洲其他大陆正在迅速赶上革命的利益，因此必须不断进行更新。为了抓住革命带来的机会，建筑业并没有被视为本项目中所描绘的那样。
Culture 土木工程essay代写
Following several transformations in the social setting in Britain and indeed the rest of Europe, there were certain cultural factors that must have been pivotal in the construction of the Britannia Bridge. One of the cultural factors is the modification of lifestyle that made it necessary to have the train mode of transport. Transportation system in Britain was characterized by traffic in adoption of the civilization established following the plateau phase of the industrial revolution.
Before dissemination of the civilization to other parts of the world, the cultural interaction with technology was an ordinary occurrence in Britain. Traffic snarl-ups at the main bridge that was constructed earlier on were threatening to create a humanitarian crisis if people and cargo were not transported over the appropriate duration of time. It became enshrined in the cultural practices that reduced capacity of the Menai Bridge needed to be supplemented by construction of a new bridge. The building and construction culture was becoming popular and well outlined with a rare impetus being introduced into the bridge industry in the preceding years of the Britannia Bridge project (Brown, 64).
文化
在英国乃至欧洲其他地区的社会环境发生了几次转变之后，某些文化因素在大不列颠大桥的建设中必不可少。文化因素之一是生活方式的改变，这使得必须有火车的交通工具。英国的交通运输系统的特点是交通运输采用了工业革命的平稳阶段之后建立的文明。在将文明传播到世界其他地区之前，与技术的文化互动在英国很普遍。如果在适当的时间段内没有运送人员和货物，早些时候建造的主桥上的交通拥堵可能会造成人道主义危机。它被文化习俗所深深吸引，因此，梅奈大桥的通行能力下降需要通过建造新桥来补充。在不列颠尼亚桥项目的前几年（Brown，64岁），建筑文化逐渐流行并得到了概述，并在桥梁行业中引入了罕见的推动力。
Contribution to the Built Environment 土木工程essay代写
As mentioned earlier on, building and construction made contributions in the transformation of many aspects of the human lifestyle to such an extent that many future projects would apply the success of the project. In a mention of the importance of initial projects’ role as outlined in the introduction, many future projects are deemed to benefit from the inspirations obtained thereon. Major bridge construction projects with a similar tubular and suspension designs had to make studies relating to the structural integrity of the Britannia Bridge, which could have borrowed from the few projects of a similar magnitude in existence at that time
. The differences in design factors that the engineers had to consider during making of reliance on the already available construction works included the case specific requirements such as weight and the nature of the vessel transporting cargo and human beings across the structures. Several other civil engineering works would be constructed from a central tenet of structure integrity and support parameters.
对建筑环境的贡献 土木工程essay代写
如前所述，建筑和建筑业为人类生活方式的许多方面的转变做出了贡献，以至于许多未来的项目将应用该项目的成功。在引言中提到初始项目角色的重要性时，许多未来项目都被认为可以从中获得启发。具有类似管状和悬吊设计的大型桥梁建设项目必须进行与大不列颠桥梁的结构完整性有关的研究，而大不列颠桥梁可以从当时存在的几个类似规模的项目中借用。工程师在依赖已经可用的建筑工程时必须考虑的设计因素方面的差异包括具体情况的要求，例如重量以及跨结构运输货物和人员的船只的性质。其他一些土木工程将根据结构完整性和支撑参数的中心原则进行建造。
Outstanding contributions can be identified土木工程essay代写
in the name of the superstructure that the design was able to generate as intended by the engineer. It had not been conceptualized anywhere else before, that riveting together plain sheets of wrought iron could facilitate the construction of a tubular tunnel as designed. Besides the design of the compartment, the suspension of the tubular structure using beam design of structural support presented a unique infiltration of civil work designs not applied anywhere before.
On a different approach, the creation of the mega-structure in the apparently narrow waterway without creation of an obstruction to water vessels pathway was a dramatic finding in the sector. The complexity of the fabrication process involving the sheets of wrought iron then their adjoining leaves a clear impression of how the built environment stood to benefit from the project. In anticipation of the world’s greatest project of almost similar nature across the Atlantic Ocean, useful insights of the fabrications are undoubtedly the best.
突出表现贡献可以在上层建筑的名称中标识出来，该上层建筑可以按照工程师的意图生成设计。以前在其他任何地方都没有概念化过，铆接在一起的锻铁薄板可以促进按设计的管状隧道的施工。除了隔间的设计外，采用结构支撑梁设计的管状结构悬架还展现了土建工程设计独特的渗透性，以前从未应用过。用另一种方法，在看似狭窄的水道中创建巨型结构而又不会对水船路径造成障碍，这是该部门的一项重大发现。制造工艺的复杂性涉及锻铁板材，然后是它们的毗连，给人以清晰的印象，即建筑环境将如何从该项目中受益。考虑到世界上横跨大西洋的性质相似的最伟大的工程，对制造的有用见解无疑是最好的。
Construction of the Britannia Bridge 土木工程essay代写
How the structure came to be completed is a mystery to many but the construction design and information available makes it easy to understand how it was actually done. After the selection of the Britannia sub-stream as a unique bridge construction of the project was forthcoming with every bit if the logistics being put in place. The financial aspect was particularly secured through an act of parliament that had to be expedited on the urgency of its application. The support of the project was certainly not optional in several respects. Soon the construction work of the project was underway following all the relevant construction and financial considerations, most of which involved the political process.
The construction procedure can be summarized to the extent that it must have included the following stages at least at one point of its construction. The end spans had to be erected on both sides of the structure, with the central beams inside the Strait being necessitated as the next stage. In all the construction tests t be conducted, the movement of the tides was very important since the level of the Strait’s water determined the amount f support needed at different periods. After the structural erection of groundwork support for the suspended tubular tunnel, tests were carried out to ensure that serious structural threats were not going t affect the integrity of the bridge amid various factors such as high tide waters.土木工程essay代写
大不列颠大桥的建设
对于许多人来说，如何完成结构是一个谜，但是结构设计和可用的信息使您很容易理解其实际完成方式。在选择不列颠尼亚支流作为独特的桥梁之后，如果后勤工作到位，该项目的建设便日趋重要。财政方面的特别保障是通过议会的一项行动来保证的，这一行动必须紧迫地执行。从几个方面来看，该项目的支持当然不是可有可无的。不久，该项目的建设工作就按照所有相关的建设和财务考虑进行了，其中大部分涉及政治过程。
可以将施工过程概括为一定程度，至少在施工的某一点必须包括以下阶段。两端跨度必须竖立在结构的两侧，海峡内的中心梁必须作为下一个阶段。在进行的所有施工测试中，潮汐的移动非常重要，因为海峡的水位决定了不同时期所需的支撑量。在悬挂式管状隧道的基础支座的结构安装之后，进行了测试以确保在各种因素（例如高潮水位）下不会出现严重的结构威胁不会影响桥梁的完整性。
要安装到已经安装到位的支撑系统中的主要管状结构是在桥的位置旁边进行的，并浮动到位以进行铆接（Kurrer，78）。由于桥具有悬架设计，因此使用安装在液压千斤顶上的绳索和锚固将管子提升到支柱支撑框架的顶部，该液压千斤顶能够提升锻铁管状截面。几个角度测量指导了铆接过程，以避免由于项目的错误角度测量而出现某些故障。铆接时要谨慎考虑端部和中心跨度的角度，这些角度决定了在支柱支撑下的管状结构的稳定性。在最终铆接之前，通过提高梁的端部轴承，为两端跨入铁路和公路的大陆和岛屿延伸留出余量，使用角度计算对两端进行了角度修改。进行了结构计算，以在所有位置进行角度修改，从而使该项目的结构支撑成为威尔士和英国最好的历史作品之一。
实际的收缩工程用了五年的时间，直到1850年3月18日，该项目的一部分被开放以确认该项目的成功。从建筑原理的理论应用令人振奋的消息来看，未来的项目将在很大程度上依赖于其发现。成功从理论假设，计算，支持，铆接以及形状和实体设计方面进行了翻译。在整个不列颠河支流上架设该项目的工程决策对于加强任何表面上的结构设计都是有用的。
The main tubular fabrication 土木工程essay代写
to be fitted into the support system already in place was carried out next to the location of the bridge and floated in place for riveting (Kurrer, 78). Since the bridge has a suspension design, the tubes were lifted into place at the top of the pillar support framework using ropes and anchors that were fitted to hydraulic jacks that were capable of lifting the wrought iron tubular sections. Several angular measurements guided the riveting procedure to avoid certain faults emerging from wrong angular measurements for the project.
Riveting was done in a cautious consideration of the angles at the end and central spans which determine the stability of the tubular structure under support from the pillars. Angular modifications on each of the two ends using angular calculations was performed before final riveting by raising the bearing of the end sections at the beam to create an allowance for the end spans into the mainland and island extension of the railway and road. Structural calculations were made to effect the angular modifications at all positions, which made the structural support of the project one of the best historic works in Wales and Britain.土木工程essay代写
The actual contraction works took five years until 18th of March 1850 when a section of the project was opened for confirmation of the success of the project. From the exciting news of the theoretical application of principles of construction, future projects were to heavily rely on the findings thereon. Success was translated in terms of theory postulations, calculations, support, riveting as well as the shape and entre design. Engineering decision t erect the project across a sub-stream Britannia Rock was useful in reinforcing structural design on any surface.
大不列颠大桥的建设
对于许多人来说，如何完成结构是一个谜，但是结构设计和可用的信息使您很容易理解其实际完成方式。在选择不列颠尼亚支流作为独特的桥梁之后，如果后勤工作到位，该项目的建设便日趋重要。财政方面的特别保障是通过议会的一项行动来保证的，这一行动必须紧迫地执行。从几个方面来看，该项目的支持当然不是可有可无的。不久，该项目的建设工作就按照所有相关的建设和财务考虑进行了，其中大部分涉及政治过程。
可以将施工过程概括为一定程度，至少在施工的某一点必须包括以下阶段。两端跨度必须竖立在结构的两侧，海峡内的中心梁必须作为下一个阶段。在进行的所有施工测试中，潮汐的移动非常重要，因为海峡的水位决定了不同时期所需的支撑量。在悬挂式管状隧道的基础支座的结构安装之后，进行了测试以确保在各种因素（例如高潮水位）下不会出现严重的结构威胁不会影响桥梁的完整性。
要安装到已经安装到位的支撑系统中的主要管状结构是在桥的位置旁边进行的，并浮动到位以进行铆接（Kurrer，78）。由于桥具有悬架设计，因此使用安装在液压千斤顶上的绳索和锚固将管子提升到支柱支撑框架的顶部，该液压千斤顶能够提升锻铁管状截面。几个角度测量指导了铆接过程，以避免由于项目的错误角度测量而出现某些故障。铆接时要谨慎考虑端部和中心跨度的角度，这些角度决定了在支柱支撑下的管状结构的稳定性。在最终铆接之前，通过提高梁的端部轴承，为两端跨入铁路和公路的大陆和岛屿延伸留出余量，使用角度计算对两端进行了角度修改。进行了结构计算，以在所有位置进行角度修改，从而使该项目的结构支撑成为威尔士和英国最好的历史作品之一。土木工程essay代写
实际的收缩工程用了五年的时间，直到1850年3月18日，该项目的一部分被开放以确认该项目的成功。从建筑原理的理论应用令人振奋的消息来看，未来的项目将在很大程度上依赖于其发现。成功从理论假设，计算，支持，铆接以及形状和实体设计方面进行了翻译。在整个不列颠河支流上架设该项目的工程决策对于加强任何表面上的结构设计都是有用的。
Materials
Timber came in handy in the design of the structural riveting and adjoining particularly at the end of the tunnel, but it had to be replaced with stringer materials. Wrought iron was the main structural material from the tubular structure to the foundation and girder enforcement. Concrete was perhaps the most useful pillar and support material that the project heavily relied on as well as limestone and sandstone that facilitated the finishing work.土木工程essay代写
Tools and equipment used in the construction were not as sophisticated as they are today due to the several transformations that followed the technology era following the industrial revolution. Jacks and cranes were used in lifting the rectangular tubular sections of the tunnel for adjoining at the beam-work on the top of the structure chains were also employed for extra strengthening of the structure, in fear of inadequate capacity for the same function. Modern specialized equipment would have been used without improvisation of jacks for the lifting procedure. Labor force applied in the project was obtained from the Welsh population that lived nearby at the site of the project. Skilled and professional assistance was outsourced from the larger Britain and sometimes from across the borders.土木工程essay代写
材料
木材在结构铆接和毗连的设计中派上了用场，特别是在隧道的尽头，但必须用更严格的材料代替。从管状结构到地基和大梁的加固，锻铁是主要的结构材料。混凝土也许是该项目严重依赖的最有用的支柱和支撑材料，而石灰石和砂岩也可以促进完成工作。
由于工业革命之后的技术时代来临，经过几次转型，用于建筑的工具和设备没有今天的复杂。使用千斤顶和起重机在吊装隧道的矩形管状截面以邻接结构顶部的横梁时，由于担心相同功能的承载能力不足，因此还采用了结构的额外加固。无需临时使用千斤顶进行提升程序，就可以使用现代的专用设备。该项目中使用的劳动力是从居住在该项目现场附近的威尔士人那里获得的。熟练和专业的援助是从较大的英国（有时是跨边界）外包的。
If Built Today
Comparing an 1846 construction idea with a similar idea in 2011 would portray marked differences as illustrated by the following section. Huge design departure ranging from the suspension structure to material usage would be expected in case the Britannia Bridge project was carried out today from scratch. I propose that the project should have taken a shorter time period due t the advancement in technology and government funding options.土木工程essay代写
Perhaps the type of machinery and equipment that the modern construction industry has witnessed being formulated would have reduced wastage of material and time and increase accuracy in calculations. With the advent of the information age decades after the industrial age, advancement in innovation in computer programs has facilitated the revival in the construction industry to such an extent that every aspect of the project is analyzed at the click of a button, which saves a lot of time and money in the preparation of the actual design and project work. Having been conducted in an age when information technology was poorly developed, I find several alternatives that were difficult to be availed then being readily available today.
Perhaps the most prominent departure of the design would be the use of tower-like pillars for the support of the suspended tunnel.
In my estimation, it must have cost the project much more to achieve the strength achieved than it would today, with the discovery of better construction alternatives that apply les stone-work. Steel arch design would have reduced the need for solid construction design that increases weight of the bridge. By reducing unnecessary weight, the bridge’s stability would be increased in unparalleled magnitude. Perhaps safety installations inside the bridge would be easier in a lighter bridge to avert a fire tragedy that almost destroyed the entire project in 1970. The inclusion of enlarged capacity traffic would be possible from the beginning if the weight restriction was not a factor.土木工程essay代写
High speed vacuum tunnels are the modern fashion of train transport and I presuppose that the designer would consider adopting a maglev design for the train. Such an arrangement would facilitate the movement of top speed transport from London to Dublin within a magical short period of time. Electric trains or trams in the modern day Britain would appear to be behind technology schedule since the diversity of the UK economy allows swift movement of traffic, a fact that would inspire vacuum magnetic levitation design of the entire bridge and railway line between the two important cities in the UK. The magnitude of the project and the revenue it generates to the UK’s economy would attract any form of investment that would tap the best rewards that can be generated. Maintenance costs would drastically be reduced in the proposed design, making the recent reconstruction works unnecessary (BBC, 1).
如果今天建造
将1846年的建筑构想与2011年的类似构想进行比较，将显示出明显的差异，如以下部分所示。如果大不列颠桥梁项目今天从头开始，那么从悬架结构到材料使用的巨大设计偏差将是可预期的。我建议，由于技术和政府资助方案的进步，该项目应该花更短的时间。现代建筑业目睹的机械和设备类型可能减少了材料和时间的浪费，并提高了计算的准确性。随着工业时代之后几十年的信息时代的到来，计算机程序创新的进步促进了建筑行业的复兴，以至于只需单击一个按钮就可以分析项目的各个方面，从而节省了很多时间。在准备实际的设计和项目工作中花费了大量的时间和金钱。在信息技术发展欠佳的时代进行的工作，我发现很难找到几种可供选择的替代方案，而这些替代方案如今已经可以立即获得。
设计中最突出的变化也许是使用塔状支柱来支撑悬空隧道。据我估计，要想达到所要达到的强度，与今天相比，要花费更多的钱来解决这个项目，同时还要找到适用于石工的更好的建筑替代方案。钢拱设计将减少对坚固结构设计的需求，而坚固结构设计会增加桥梁的重量。通过减少不必要的重量，桥梁的稳定性将得到无与伦比的提高。也许在桥梁较轻的桥梁中安装安全设施会更容易，以免发生一场悲剧，这场悲剧几乎在1970年破坏了整个项目。如果重量限制不是一个因素，那么从一开始就可能会包括扩大交通量。土木工程essay代写
高速真空隧道是火车运输的现代方式，我以为设计者会考虑将磁悬浮设计用于火车。这样的安排将有助于在神奇的短时间内从伦敦到都柏林的高速运输。现代英国的电动火车或电车似乎落后于技术进度，因为英国经济的多样性允许交通的迅速移动，这一事实会激发两个重要城市之间整个桥梁和铁路线的真空磁悬浮设计在英国。该项目的规模及其为英国经济带来的收入将吸引任何形式的投资，这些投资将获得最大的回报。提议的设计将大大降低维护成本，从而使近期的重建工作变得不必要（BBC，1）。
Conclusion
While considering the great construction projects in the early history of the United Kingdom, it would be difficult to assume the lasting impression created by the Britannia Bridge connecting Anglesey to mainland of Wales. Major construction tenets can be created from the construction ideas that the bridge puts together (Solomon, 117). However, a modern touch in the old project would have several restructuring areas such as would allow minimal project weight, safety enhancement and maintenance cost reduction.土木工程essay代写
结论
在考虑英国早期历史上的大型建筑项目时，很难假设连接安格尔西岛与威尔士大陆的不列颠尼亚大桥给人们留下的持久印象。可以根据桥梁放在一起的施工构想来创建主要的施工原则（所罗门，117）。但是，在旧项目中采用现代风格将具有多个重组领域，例如将使项目重量最小，提高安全性并降低维护成本。
Works Cited
“The History of the Bridges on the Menai Straits off the Island of Anglesey, North Wales,” Anglesey Môn Information, 2009. Web. http://www.anglesey.info/Menai%20Bridges.htm (accessed 27 April 2011)
“Work on Britannia Bridge over Menai Strait Starts,” BBC, Last Updated 10 January 2011. Web. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-north-west-wales-12152074 (accessed 27 April 2011)
Brown, David J. Bridges: three thousand years of defying nature. St. Paul, MN: MBI Publishing Company, 2001. Print土木工程essay代写
Kurrer, Karl-Eugen The history of the theory of structures: from arch analysis to computational mechanics. Berlin, Germany: Ernst & Sohn Verlag für Architektor und Technische, 2008. Print
Solomon, Brian North American railroad bridges. St. Paul: MN: Voyageur Press, 2008. Print
参考文献
“The History of the Bridges on the Menai Straits off the Island of Anglesey, North Wales,” Anglesey Môn Information, 2009. Web. http://www.anglesey.info/Menai%20Bridges.htm (accessed 27 April 2011)
“Work on Britannia Bridge over Menai Strait Starts,” BBC, Last Updated 10 January 2011. Web. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-north-west-wales-12152074 (accessed 27 April 2011)
Brown, David J. Bridges: three thousand years of defying nature. St. Paul, MN: MBI Publishing Company, 2001. Print
Kurrer, Karl-Eugen The history of the theory of structures: from arch analysis to computational mechanics. Berlin, Germany: Ernst & Sohn Verlag für Architektor und Technische, 2008. Print
Solomon, Brian North American railroad bridges. St. Paul: MN: Voyageur Press, 2008. Print
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