Running Head: BUSINESS IN THE INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY
Business in the International Economy
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国际经济论文代写 In the current rapid technological advancement everything has changed and all that matters, especially within the business surrounding
Business in the International Economy
Introduction
In the current rapid technological advancement everything has changed and all that matters, especially within the business surrounding, are now in a small world with a global marketplace. To add to this, there is a widespread of foreign ideals and cultures. Which are being adapted by indigenous people throughout the whole world, and this has been made easier through the internet, television. The whole concept has come to be called globalization. This is with the case of increased connectivity, integration and interdependence within the existing economic, social, cultural, technological, ecological, and political standings. With an increased industrial globalization being in place, many businesses are working across their cultural understanding. And boundaries for production markets and broadening the access to a quite range of available goods and services for existing companies and consumers (Eichengreen, 2008).国际经济论文代写
Turkey is one of the countries that are very rich in diversity and continuity with a creative blend of various cultures, religions, races, and languages. With Turkey’s consistent growth in overall performance and a good number of skilled manpower, it has been keen. And in front with providing enormous opportunities for potential investment. To understand the levels at which various products are to be affected on this international market sphere, then the following aspects will be discussed in details (Turner & Johnson, 2003).
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国际经济中的商业 国际经济论文代写
介绍
在当前快速的技术进步中，一切都发生了变化，所有重要的事情，尤其是在商业环境中，现在都处于一个拥有全球市场的小世界中。除此之外，世界各地的原住民正在接受广泛的外国理想和文化，而这通过互联网、电视变得更加容易。整个概念被称为全球化。这是在现有经济、社会、文化、技术、生态和政治地位内增加连通性、整合和相互依存的情况。随着工业全球化的深入，许多企业正在跨越他们的文化理解和生产市场的界限，并扩大现有公司和消费者获得相当多的可用商品和服务的机会（Eichengreen，2008 年）。
土耳其是多样性和连续性非常丰富的国家之一，创造性地融合了各种文化、宗教、种族和语言。随着土耳其整体业绩的持续增长和大量熟练的劳动力，它一直热衷于提供巨大的潜在投资机会。为了了解各种产品在这个国际市场领域受到的影响程度，将详细讨论以下方面（Turner & Johnson, 2003）。
Comparative Cultural Analysis
Cultural dimensions and understanding has always been the main issue in the development of comparative cultural standings. And is greatly experienced in multi-national organizations. This is seen in both internally, consisting of human resource development, and externally. That has to do with the numerous relationships being developed with different buyers. And potential suppliers within many different existing international countries (Stern, 2001).国际经济论文代写
The foreseen trends with internationalization has been on the increasing note with different research works being able to perceive at the Internationalization process. And stages of entities pushing through into different existing markets. One of the most basic aspect of the internationalization process has always been the ability of the different entities be able to effectively. And efficiently develop and critically maintain existing business relationships and business networks within and over the comparative cultural understanding (Stern, 2001).
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比较文化分析 国际经济论文代写
文化维度和理解一直是比较文化地位发展的主要问题，并且在跨国组织中经验丰富。这在内部（包括人力资源开发）和外部都可以看到，这与在许多不同的现有国际国家内与不同的买家和潜在供应商建立的众多关系有关（Stern，2001）。
国际化的可预见趋势越来越受到关注，不同的研究工作能够在国际化进程和实体进入不同现有市场的阶段中感知。国际化过程中最基本的方面之一一直是不同实体能够有效和高效地发展和批判性地维护现有的商业关系和商业网络在比较文化理解之内和之上的能力（Stern，2001）。
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Demographic differences
Turkey’s existing workforce is still young on the developing level and a big number of individuals are now entering the professional workforce during the time of increased economic expansion. That in one way or another provides an increased opportunity for the qualified and connected people.国际经济论文代写
The issue now arises with the access to professional education and training, socialization, entry. And career development is probably still disproportionately concentrated among the existing and different social groups. Which in one way or another had dominated the possible professional fields. It has proofed to be had for the educational system in Turkey to provide enough. And sufficient manpower for the existing market, despite of a big number of existing strengths. This has posed a serious challenge for Turkey to be able to find good employees to be put into the system and be able to uphold to the kind of quality that is desired to be achieved (Graff & Kenwood, 2010).国际经济论文代写
On the other hand, Switzerland has a good existing workforce with well developed training and development strategies put in place. That have enabled it to get a better market share in terms of imports and exports base. This has been proofed with a better international recognition in direct investments. That Switzerland is able to make and cultivate good relationships with other nations, thus making it a better investment place. This is due to the kind of quality of products and services being up-holded over international trade standards.
Unemployment Rate – Seasonally Adjusted (Graff & Kenwood, 2010).
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人口差异
土耳其现有的劳动力在发展水平上仍然年轻，在经济增长加速的时期，大量个人现在进入专业劳动力队伍，这以某种方式为合格和有联系的人提供了更多的机会。
现在出现的问题是，获得专业教育和培训、社会化、进入和职业发展的机会可能仍然不成比例地集中在现有的和不同的社会群体中，这些群体以某种方式主导了可能的专业领域。尽管存在大量现有优势，但事实证明，土耳其的教育系统必须为现有市场提供足够和充足的人力。这对土耳其来说是一个严峻的挑战，需要能够找到优秀的员工加入系统，并能够坚持期望达到的质量（Graff & Kenwood，2010 年）。
另一方面，瑞士拥有良好的现有劳动力，制定了完善的培训和发展战略，使其能够在进出口基础上获得更好的市场份额。瑞士能够与其他国家建立并培养良好的关系，从而使其成为更好的投资场所，这已经得到了国际直接投资更好的认可。这是由于产品和服务的质量高于国际贸易标准。
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Definition of Diversity
Many countries are able to categorize their diversity with gender, religion, ethno-linguistic regions, and/ or caste systems but Turkey normally operates on a very wide diversity, of which apart from the issues of gender, religion, ethno-linguistic regions, and/ or caste systems, it also extends to age, marital status, citizenship status, sexual orientation, and disability. While compared with Switzerland, being a major investor in the Turkey market, its diversity is mainly concerned with the issues of gender, religion, ethno-linguistic regions, and/ or caste systems, giving it a clear cut over Turkey on issues concerning discrimination. Therefore, the existing discourses about diversity separate between those social groups, which are always under-represented within the society’s power, wealth, and privileges, and those that are able to access well to better professional development and other existing business opportunities (Graff & Kenwood, 2010).国际经济论文代写
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多样性的定义
许多国家能够根据性别、宗教、民族语言地区和/或种姓制度对其多样性进行分类，但土耳其通常以非常广泛的多样性运作，其中除了性别、宗教、民族语言地区和/或种姓问题之外， / 或种姓制度，它还延伸到年龄、婚姻状况、公民身份、性取向和残疾。 与作为土耳其市场主要投资者的瑞士相比，其多样性主要涉及性别、宗教、民族语言地区和/或种姓制度等问题，在歧视问题上与土耳其有明显的区别。 因此，关于多样性的现有话语在那些在社会权力、财富和特权中始终代表不足的社会群体与能够很好地获得更好的专业发展和其他现有商业机会的社会群体之间存在分歧（Graff & Kenwood , 2010)。
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Legal Frameworks
Within the past two decades, the robust system of anti-discrimination legislation, which includes all mechanisms that are put in place for monitoring compliance to set policies and redress for any violations that may occur, has been on development. This probably includes the legal accountability and responsibility that has been linked up the corporate chain existing in the command for any trace of discriminatory or unethical behavior that probably could be noted within the workplace. This probably includes the protection that is given to employees from any hostile situation within the working environment and possible retaliation for forwarding complaints to the authorities (Wild, 2008).
In such environment many lawsuits against corporate offenders have been quite successful and this greatly helped in creating an environment where the expected and identified social norms for existing organizations are always compliant with the existing law and discriminatory practices are not accepted or considered in any way (Turner & Johnson, 2003).国际经济论文代写
There are no differences in terms of legal frameworks, for both Turkey and Switzerland, as the international trade standards are straightened across all import and export entities
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法律框架
在过去的 20 年中，健全的反歧视立法体系一直在发展，其中包括所有用于监督合规性以制定政策和纠正可能发生的违规行为的机制。这可能包括已将指挥部中存在的企业链相关联的法律责任和责任，以应对可能在工作场所中注意到的任何歧视或不道德行为的痕迹。这可能包括保护员工免受工作环境中任何敌对情况的影响，以及可能因向当局投诉而遭到报复（Wild，2008 年）。
在这样的环境中，许多针对公司违法者的诉讼都非常成功，这极大地有助于创造一个环境，即现有组织的预期和确定的社会规范始终符合现行法律，并且不接受或以任何方式考虑歧视性做法（特纳＆约翰逊，2003 年）。
土耳其和瑞士在法律框架方面没有差异，因为所有进出口实体的国际贸易标准都已理顺
Comparative Political and Legal Analysis
In most developing countries, like Turkey; United States of America; Switzerland, many diversified business groups exists in nearly all economies and probably dominates the private sector. At this level we will be seeking to probably add to already existing theories, that are primarily economic and sociological, by critically analyzing the policies and potential state actions that are made to promote and also sustain existing and/ or potential business groups. At the end it will greatly help in contributing to the existing significant cross-national discrepancies among different entities along the identified dimensions of size, different ranges of diversification in products and services, and finally on the reactions to globalization in the global market (Wild, 2008).国际经济论文代写
The political economy clarification that is presented in Turkey and Switzerland emphasizes on the overall role of politics and policy that they play (particularly on the existing regulatory policies and overall development strategies) in coming up with the outside limits of variation over different groups and also incorporation of the additional internal economic logics,
that is the economies of scope and reduction of potential risks. The main issue here has always been on distinguishing the basic logics of existing three main kinds of business groups, that is organic, portfolio, and policy-induced, that has been able to react over a different portfolio on recent developments within the market transformation and globalization at large. This has only been achieved by the use of the political economic approach (Wild, 2008). 国际经济论文代写
When planning to start a business there are numerous legal issues, in Turkey, that needs to highly be put into consideration. This starts from the simple things within the structural setup of the business to its functional operation. All of these factors appear to be so simple but each one of them has given legal implications. To get a clear picture of what goes on in Turkey and Switzerland, a brief discussion will be given about two legal and/ or political issues that may arise in the line of setting up a business (Wild, 2008).
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比较政治和法律分析 国际经济论文代写
在大多数发展中国家，如土耳其；美国;在瑞士，几乎所有经济体都存在许多多元化的商业集团，并且可能在私营部门占主导地位。在这个层面上，我们将通过批判性分析旨在促进和维持现有和/或潜在商业团体的政策和潜在的国家行动，寻求可能增加现有的理论，这些理论主要是经济和社会学。最后，它将极大地有助于解决不同实体之间在已确定的规模维度、产品和服务多样化的不同范围以及最终对全球市场对全球化的反应方面存在的重大跨国差异（Wild， 2008）。
土耳其和瑞士提出的政治经济学澄清强调了它们所发挥的政治和政策的整体作用（特别是现有的监管政策和总体发展战略）在提出不同群体差异的外部限制以及纳入额外的内部经济逻辑，
这就是范围经济和潜在风险的减少。这里的主要问题一直是区分现有三种主要业务集团的基本逻辑，即有机的、投资组合的和政策诱导的，能够对市场转型中的最新发展对不同的投资组合做出反应，全球化。这只能通过使用政治经济学方法来实现（Wild，2008）。国际经济论文代写
在计划创业时，土耳其有许多法律问题，需要高度考虑。这从业务结构设置中的简单事情开始到其功能运营。所有这些因素看起来都很简单，但每一项都具有法律意义。为了清楚了解土耳其和瑞士的情况，我们将简要讨论在设立企业过程中可能出现的两个法律和/或政治问题（Wild，2008 年）。
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Non-Disclosure Agreements
Confidentiality and non-disclosure agreements are highly put into consideration, especially when setting up financing procedures for the business. Also when allowing other firms to have access to imperative business information that probably could be kept privately, then the management should consider having such firms signing these agreements that will allow them to do so. This implies that the more confidential information contained in the business plan, the more central such agreements are supposed to be (Turner & Johnson, 2003).
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保密协议
高度重视保密和不披露协议，尤其是在为企业设置融资程序时。 此外，当允许其他公司访问可能会保密的重要业务信息时，管理层应考虑让这些公司签署这些协议，以允许他们这样做。 这意味着商业计划中包含的机密信息越多，此类协议就越重要（Turner & Johnson, 2003）。
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Zoning of the Business and Building/ property Code
Zoning is a strategic way of ensuring that the business is placed in a strategic position and point and this is probably influenced by political standing of the region. Also knowing one’s building code will probably ensure that building code violations does not exist and no structural issues that may result to fines (Wild, 2008).国际经济论文代写
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商业和建筑/物业代码分区
分区是一种确保企业处于战略位置和点的战略方式，这可能受到该地区政治地位的影响。 此外，了解一个人的建筑规范可能会确保不存在违反建筑规范的行为，并且不会出现可能导致罚款的结构性问题（Wild，2008 年）。
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Health and Safety
Health and Safety of their employees at the workplace is a very important concern and despite of the business size it is a responsibility that can not be assumed by the management group. They are both ethical and legal requirements in Turkey (Turner & Johnson, 2003).国际经济论文代写
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健康和安全
员工在工作场所的健康和安全是一个非常重要的问题，尽管企业规模如此之大，但管理团队无法承担这一责任。 它们是土耳其的道德和法律要求（Turner & Johnson, 2003）。
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Employment and Age
Compliance of age and employment-related laws are dealt with seriousness and this goes along with the set in place health and safety laws. It has always been advised that before a firm is established, the management should seek important information from the EEOC (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission) for the purpose of ensuring that the legal frameworks are seriously complied to so that the owners may stay within the age limitations as imposed by the state law (Wild, 2008).国际经济论文代写
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就业和年龄
年龄和就业相关法律的合规性受到严肃处理，这与现行的健康和安全法律相一致。 一直建议在公司成立之前，管理层应向EEOC（平等就业机会委员会）寻求重要信息，以确保法律框架得到认真遵守，以便业主可以保持在年龄限制内根据州法律（Wild，2008 年）的规定。
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Fair Trading Practices
Fair trading practices are practiced in the country proper guidelines are given by BBB (Better Business Bureau) which helps in avoiding deceptive conduct within the local and international business line and also ensuring that economic injury to end product users and other businesses is prevented. Unfair competition, false advertising, copyright infringement, are some of the practices that are not accepted and anyone found going against the law set in place to guide this is liable to serious consequences. Better Business Bureau is a better guideline to open-door policy and this ensures fairness and equitability is applicable when dealing with arising complaints (Wild, 2008).国际经济论文代写
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公平交易惯例
BBB（商业改善局）在该国实行公平贸易做法，这有助于避免在本地和国际业务范围内出现欺诈行为，并确保防止对最终产品用户和其他企业造成经济损害。 不正当竞争、虚假广告、侵犯版权是一些不被接受的做法，任何人被发现违反了为指导而制定的法律，都将承担严重后果。 Better Business Bureau 是一个更好的门户开放政策指导方针，这确保了公平和公平在处理出现的投诉时适用（Wild，2008）。
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Licensing and Insurance
Licensing the business is mandatory in both countries and this is acquired through the state’s Business License division. To safe-guard the business, it should then be insured. It is advisable to hire an attorney while going through all documentation, possible plans and papers that are related to the legal aspects and frameworks of the business. This one way of complying with all legal requirements and the benefits could be the protection the business is covered from any lawsuits and/ or other legal complications that may arise with time (Wild, 2008).国际经济论文代写
Such correlation of trading standards in both countries, that is Turkey and Switzerland, have provided clean and conducive environments for better trading and investing and this has been proofed by the change in international relationship existing between these two states.
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许可和保险
在这两个国家/地区都必须获得业务许可，这是通过该州的营业执照部门获得的。 为了保护企业，它应该被保险。 建议在审查与业务的法律方面和框架相关的所有文件、可能的计划和文件时聘请律师。 这是遵守所有法律要求的一种方式，其好处可能是保护企业免受任何诉讼和/或其他可能随时间出现的法律并发症的影响（Wild，2008 年）。
土耳其和瑞士这两个国家的贸易标准的这种相关性为更好的贸易和投资提供了清洁和有利的环境，这已被这两个国家之间现有国际关系的变化所证明。
Comparative Economic Analysis
Comparative Economic Analysis is an integrated macro-level study of all the economies of the globe put together. It tends to give a skewed picture of the economic development over the whole globe that is experienced in general (Turner & Johnson, 2003).国际经济论文代写
Turkey’s economy is all about the combination of modern industry and commerce, along with a well developing traditional agriculture sector. It has a strong and ever-rising private sector that its success has been seen in the previous years. An attribute to such development is given to the state which has always been a major contributor to the industry, banking, transport and communication at large. In 2008, the Turkey’s Gross Domestic Product went down to an annual rate of 0.9% and this was caused by the slowdown of global economic. The impact was later greatly felt in 2009 and declined further by 5.8%. In the same year, 2009, the nation’s economy was over-burdened by high external debt incurred and this was due to the fall in inflation to 5.8% (Graff & Kenwood, 2010).
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比较经济分析 国际经济论文代写
比较经济分析是对全球所有经济体的综合宏观研究。它往往会描绘出全球经济发展的总体情况（Turner & Johnson, 2003）。
土耳其的经济完全是现代工业和商业的结合，以及发展良好的传统农业部门。它拥有强大且不断发展的私营部门，在前几年已经取得了成功。国家一直是工业、银行业、运输业和通讯业的主要贡献者，这是这种发展的一个特征。 2008年，受全球经济放缓影响，土耳其国内生产总值年增长率下降至0.9%。这种影响后来在 2009 年受到了极大的影响，并进一步下降了 5.8%。同年，即 2009 年，由于通货膨胀率下降至 5.8%，国家经济因高额外债而负担过重（Graff & Kenwood，2010 年）。
Gross Domestic Product and Labor Force
In 2009 the Gross Domestic Product stood at $861.6 billion, which was a decline from 2008 and 2007 levels of $914.7 billion and $906.5 billion, respectively. In the same year, 2009, Turkey’s Gross Domestic Product (Official Exchange Rate) was worth $593.5 billion, while the Gross Domestic Product growth rate fell by 5.8% within the same period of time. In 2009, the Gross Domestic Product per capita was $11,200, which was a decrease from its 2008 levels when it was $12,100 (Graff & Kenwood, 2010). 国际经济论文代写
In 2009, Turkey had a labor force of 24.2 million, of which an approximation of 1.2 million people was working in a number of overseas economies. At the same time, unemployment rate in Turkey was 14.6%, which was a rise from 10.97% in 2008 statistics (Graff & Kenwood, 2010).
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国内生产总值和劳动力
2009年国内生产总值为8616亿美元，分别比2008年和2007年的9147亿美元和9065亿美元有所下降。 同年，2009年土耳其国内生产总值（官方汇率）为5935亿美元，而同期国内生产总值增长率下降了5.8%。 2009 年，人均国内生产总值为 11,200 美元，比 2008 年的 12,100 美元有所下降（Graff & Kenwood，2010）。
2009 年，土耳其拥有 2420 万劳动力，其中约 120 万人在多个海外经济体工作。 与此同时，土耳其的失业率为 14.6%，高于 2008 年统计数据的 10.97%（Graff & Kenwood，2010）。
Extent of international integration
International Integration is the extent to which the space dimension of a given social process, within a given context of a country, tends not to be restricted by national borders that have been set in place. Therefore, measuring the international integration will automatically result to extent to which a given country is critically open to better relationships with the rest of the world, which in turn is treated as a single partner country (Wild, 2008).国际经济论文代写
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国际融合的程度
国际一体化是指特定社会进程的空间维度，在特定国家范围内，往往不受已设定的国界限制的程度。 因此，衡量国际一体化将自动得出特定国家对与世界其他地区建立更好关系持开放态度的程度，而世界其他地区则被视为单一伙伴国家（Wild，2008 年）。
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The Impact of Customs Union
Most of the goods that area traded in Turkey are homogeneous, which means that the country either only expected to export goods within the same industry, or import the same goods. This implies that simultaneous export and import of goods within the same industry are not allowed. Intra-industry trade is highly appreciated as opposed to inter-industry trade in completely different products. This means that a big part of the output of modern economies always involves differentiated rather than homogeneous products of the same existing industry. Hence, conventional trade theories are taken to be deficient in this respect and cannot critically explain such emerging trade pattern (Wild, 2008).国际经济论文代写
In the years 1990s, Turkey’s foreign trade gained momentum, particularly customs union agreement with the EU on January 1996. This contributed great to a further surge in Turkey’s trading volume. There was an increase in exports with $12.9 billion in 1990 to $21.6 billion in 1995, $27.7 billion in 2000, and $73.1 billion in 2005. There was also an increase in Imports from $22.3 billion in 1990 to 35.5 billion in 1995, $54.5 billion in 2000, and $116.8 billion in 2005. This shows that Turkey had a great performance in exports in 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2004 (Graff & Kenwood, 2010).
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关税同盟的影响
土耳其地区交易的大部分商品都是同质的，这意味着该国要么只希望出口同一行业内的商品，要么进口相同的商品。这意味着不允许在同一行业内同时进出口货物。与完全不同产品的产业间贸易相比，产业内贸易受到高度赞赏。这意味着现代经济产出的很大一部分总是涉及同一现有行业的差异化产品而不是同质产品。因此，传统贸易理论在这方面被认为是有缺陷的，无法批判性地解释这种新兴的贸易模式（Wild，2008 年）。
1990年代，土耳其对外贸易势头强劲，特别是1996年1月与欧盟签订关税同盟协定，对土耳其贸易量进一步增长起到了重要作用。出口额从 1990 年的 129 亿美元增加到 1995 年的 216 亿美元、2000 年的 277 亿美元和 2005 年的 731 亿美元。进口额也从 1990 年的 223 亿美元增加到 1999 年的 355 亿美元。 2000 年为 545 亿美元，2005 年为 1168 亿美元。这表明土耳其在 2001、2002、2003 和 2004 年的出口表现出色（Graff & Kenwood，2010）。
On comparison, Switzerland has an economic freedom score of 81.1, which on the International 2010 Index ranking, it becomes the sixth, having improved by 1.7 points from the last year standing.
To show that Switzerland is one of the best performing states in Europe, it is ranked 2nd out of 43 countries, of which its overall score is even much higher the existing world average. Such achievements in the economy are attributed to the diversity and modernization that has seen Switzerland go through over the past years. Also there have been high levels of prosperity and institutional strength, such as a strong property right protection and efficient and effective legal framework put in place.国际经济论文代写
Switzerland has become one of the best world’s most competitive and flexible economies due to its openness to existing global trade and investment. This does not mean that Switzerland has just been going through good times alone, sometime it had persistent stress in its financial systems. Despite of this, Switzerland has always stood out as a strong country in terms of international trading and emerging from all global economic turmoil relatively unscathed and ready to move on further (Graff & Kenwood, 2010).
Switzerland Score over time (Graff & Kenwood, 2010).
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相比之下，瑞士的经济自由度得分为 81.1，在 2010 年国际指数排名中排名第六，比去年提高了 1.7 分。
为了表明瑞士是欧洲表现最好的国家之一，它在 43 个国家中排名第二，其总体得分甚至远高于现有的世界平均水平。经济上的这些成就归功于瑞士在过去几年中所经历的多样性和现代化。还存在高度繁荣和制度力量，例如强有力的产权保护和高效有效的法律框架到位。
由于对现有的全球贸易和投资持开放态度，瑞士已成为世界上最具竞争力和灵活性的最佳经济体之一。这并不意味着瑞士刚刚独自度过了美好的时光，有时它的金融体系一直承受着压力。尽管如此，瑞士在国际贸易方面一直是一个强大的国家，并且相对毫发无损地从所有全球经济塔中脱颖而出，并准备进一步发展（Graff & Kenwood，2010 年）。
Political Risks 国际经济论文代写
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the core founder of the modern republic and the person behind the economic and political standout of Turkey. His vision was that Turkey could develop and emerge into a regional economic motivator that would normally rival other existing economic giants in Europe and the world at large.
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政治风险
穆斯塔法·凯末尔·阿塔图尔克（Mustafa Kemal Ataturk）是现代共和国的核心创始人，也是土耳其经济和政治杰出人物的幕后推手。 他的愿景是，土耳其可以发展并成为区域经济动力，通常可以与欧洲和整个世界的其他现有经济巨头相媲美。
· Economic outlook
The economy of Turkey has shown unanticipated flexibility as the global financial crisis is on the rise. This has increased Turkey’s ability to cope with shocks and can be applauded to buffers in bank and public balance sheets, a flexible exchange rate and greater diversification of export markets.国际经济论文代写
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经济展望
随着全球金融危机的加剧，土耳其经济表现出意想不到的灵活性。 这增强了土耳其应对冲击的能力，并因银行和公共资产负债表的缓冲、灵活的汇率和出口市场的更大程度多样化而受到称赞。
· Funding concerns
The positive economic outlook is not a final answer to Turkey’s problems because the country is still a number of vulnerabilities that could lead it to turmoil. Its budget deficit plus government debt maturities sums up to an extensive fiscal financing requirement, that notably involves market risk and the potential crowding out of bank credit to the private sector.国际经济论文代写
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资金问题
积极的经济前景并不是土耳其问题的最终答案，因为该国仍然存在许多可能导致其石油价格上涨的脆弱性。 其预算赤字加上政府债务到期日构成了广泛的财政融资需求，这尤其涉及市场风险和银行信贷向私营部门挤出的潜在风险
· Investors’ appetite
An interest for investment in Turkey has improved over the past few years and it is believed to increase over the coming years. The recent sovereign rating upgrades by both Fitch and Moody’s reflected this finding and highlighted the potential country’s economic flexibility to the global financial crisis and other existing lower external financing and political risks within the country (Wild, 2008).
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投资者的胃口
在过去几年中，对土耳其投资的兴趣有所提高，并且相信在未来几年还会增加。 惠誉和穆迪最近的主权评级上调反映了这一发现，并突出了该国在应对全球金融危机和该国现有的其他较低外部融资和政治风险方面的潜在经济灵活性（Wild，2008 年）。
· Political landscape
Turkey has been sailing through the political landscape for the first three months of 2010, given the current underlying tensions that exists between the ruling AKP party and the military (higher judiciary) (Graff & Kenwood, 2010).国际经济论文代写
The following are some of the summaries of potential Political Risks associated with Turkey:
- The population of Turkey is represented by the mixture of two cultures; the Western and Eastern cultures. This is so because Turkey is geographically positioned between Europe and the Middle East. This has proved to be a risking factor because of the recurring conflicts between these two regions (Graff& Kenwood, 2010).
- Turkey is to seek its membership within the European Union (EU) and as talks have preceded with some strong opposition the current European Union members makes a suggestion that accession may exist in the near term. Probably issues like the political treatment of Cyprus and the status of Kurds in Turkey will have some negative impact on the Turkey’s prospects for European Union membership in general (Graff& Kenwood, 2010).国际经济论文代写
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政治面貌
鉴于执政的正义与发展党与军队（高级司法机构）之间目前存在潜在的紧张关系，土耳其在 2010 年的前三个月一直在政治格局中航行（Graff & Kenwood，2010 年）。
以下是与土耳其相关的潜在政治风险的一些摘要：
- 土耳其人口以两种文化的混合为代表；西方文化和东方文化。之所以如此，是因为土耳其在地理位置上位于欧洲和中东之间。由于这两个地区之间经常发生冲突，这已被证明是一个危险因素（Graff & Kenwood，2010 年）。
- 土耳其将寻求其在欧盟 (EU) 内的成员资格，并且由于谈判之前遭到一些强烈反对，目前的欧盟成员建议在短期内可能会加入。塞浦路斯的政治待遇和库尔德人在土耳其的地位等问题可能会对土耳其加入欧盟的总体前景产生一些负面影响（Graff & Kenwood，2010 年）。
Major economic sectors 国际经济论文代写
The following is a list of major economic sectors found in Turkey:
- Services
- Industry (Textile, Automobile, Chemicals, Machinery, and Electronics)
- Agriculture
- Tourism
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主要经济部门
以下是在土耳其发现的主要经济部门列表：
- 服务
- 工业（纺织、汽车、化工、机械和电子）
- 农业
- 旅游
Major trading partners
The following is a list of major trading partners with Turkey, put into two categories (imports and exports):
- Mainexport markets: Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, USA 国际经济论文代写
- Mainsource of imports: Germany, Russia, Italy, China
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主要贸易伙伴
以下是土耳其的主要贸易伙伴名单，分为两类（进口和出口）：
- 主要出口市场：德国、英国、意大利、美国
- 主要进口来源：德国、俄罗斯、意大利、中国
Swiss Businesses that are Operating in Turkey
The overall approved Swiss direct investments that have been made in Turkey has gone up to $2’250 million as of mid 2003, and this puts Switzerland straight on the sixth rank of foreign investment in Turkey. The number of companies with Swiss capital operating in Turkey by mid 2003 was found to be 234 companies. Among the total foreign investment in Turkey, the share of these 234 companies is 7.12% (Undersecretariat for Treasury). The Swiss companies mainly are concentrating their investment within (Graff & Kenwood, 2010);国际经济论文代写
- Chemical industry
- Pharmaceuticals
- Various manufacturing areas
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在土耳其经营的瑞士企业
截至 2003 年年中，瑞士在土耳其的直接投资总额已达 22.5 亿美元，这使瑞士在土耳其的外国投资中排名第六。 到 2003 年年中，在土耳其经营瑞士资本的公司数量为 234 家。 在土耳其的外国投资总额中，这 234 家公司的份额为 7.12%（财政部副部长）。 瑞士公司的投资主要集中在 (Graff & Kenwood, 2010)；
- 化学工业
- 制药业
- 各种制造领域
Recommendations 国际经济论文代写
The following are some of the recommendations that have been identified in relation with the need to improve on international business between Switzerland and Turkey:
- Come up with strategic policies and develop an awareness-raising and trainingon law abiding and bribery of foreign public officials in different international business deals.国际经济论文代写
- Proactively enforcing the Turkish offence against the existing and rampant foreign bribery.
- Provision of non-discriminatory treatment of foreign-owned businesses or enterprises in states that are majority foreign ownership and this should be in regard to investments and activities, such as the National Treatment Instrument
- Proper International guidelines for Multinational Enterprises to be stationed in Turkey
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建议 国际经济论文代写
以下是针对改善瑞士和土耳其之间的国际业务的需要而确定的一些建议：
- 制定战略政策，开展有关在不同国际商业交易中守法和贿赂外国公职人员的意识提高和培训。
- 积极执行土耳其对现有和猖獗的外国贿赂的罪行。
- 对外资拥有多数股权的州内的外资企业或企业提供非歧视待遇，这应该与投资和活动有关，例如国民待遇文书
- 跨国企业进驻土耳其的适当国际准则
References 国际经济论文代写
Turner C. & Johnson D. (2003). International business: themes and issues in the modern global economy. Routledge
Wild J.J, Wild K.L. & Han J.C.Y. (2008). International Business: The Challenges of
Globalization. Pearson education international
Stern M.R. (2001). Services in the international. University of Michigan Press
Graff M. & Kenwood G. (2010). Growth of the International Economy, 1820-2010. Routledge,
Eichengreen B. (2008). Globalizing capital: a history of the international monetary system.
Princeton University Press
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