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British Petroleum Texas City Explosion in 2005
商业论文代写 It is with no doubt that an outstanding corporate organization is ineffective in caring for its people and the natural environment.
Abstract
British Petroleum (BP) Texas City Refinery disaster erupted on March 2005 stimulating extensive examination of safety in U.S refining industries. Participatory action researchers were called upon to conduct thorough examination while collecting data from other refinery companies. The study examined the cause of hazardous condition that enhanced to the emergence of the Texas City disaster, how to address those conditions, emergency preparedness and manner of response, safety system and training of the workers. Findings indicate that the key contributors to hazardous disasters are prevalent in resulting to more incidences. The researchers conclude that there is an irresistible urge of taking critical actions in counteracting of any unprecedented occurrence and calls for proactive regulations to keep every condition on the track.
译文：
摘要 商业论文代写
2005 年 3 月，英国石油 (BP) 得克萨斯城炼油厂灾难爆发，刺激了对美国炼油工业安全的广泛检查。 参与式行动研究人员被要求在从其他炼油公司收集数据的同时进行彻底检查。 该研究调查了导致德克萨斯城灾难发生的危险状况的原因、如何解决这些状况、应急准备和响应方式、安全系统和工人培训。 调查结果表明，危险灾害的主要成因普遍存在，导致更多的事故发生。 研究人员得出结论，人们有一种不可抗拒的冲动，需要采取关键行动来应对任何前所未有的事件，并呼吁采取积极的监管措施，以保持每一个条件都在正常轨道上。
Background
On March 23, 2005, an explosion occurred in British petroleum Texas City and robbed of lives of fifteen people leaving over one hundred and seventy with painful injuries. BP were the owners of the oil, Transocean owned the rig while Halliburton had cemented the wall. These companies shifted blame to each other calling for action to investigate the cause of this catastrophe. The operations at BP were instituted under intensive scrutiny by both governmental and non-governmental organizations. The public aired its opinions on the manner of investigating this blow as well as the appropriate methods by which the government ought to compensate them for the losses covered. 商业论文代写
Progressively, the site of this incident was secured; the Federal government surged into manifest its concern to the affected states and mourning citizens so as to avoid any form of economic impost and sanctions for failing to be supportive to its loyalists (Magner, 2011, p.46). The investigation team was directed to conduct a massive investigation to determine the root causes of that explosion. Soon after the response from the Fatal Emergence Management Team, the investigation team embarked on gathering evidence which was supposed to be consolidated and tabled. The actual investigations were performed for a period of 5 weeks at the site of occurrence. The team called upon a team of contractors including engineers and staffs.
This step was seeking ways of expressing their concern toward the welfare of the deceased, and underpinned the importance of taking control measures for the sake of future responses and safety.
Furthermore, the team paid some courtesy visits to the surrounding neighborhoods so as to have expansive knowledge about how the explosion emerged. Members interviewed witnesses, collected available documents and records including those charred. They also offered open questionnaires to be filled by the witnesses. They went to an extra mile of taking photographs, as this would provide concrete evidence of the severity of that incident. Samples were taken for the purpose of chemical test which would aid in; analysis of levels of toxins, chemical composition of the key substances that lead to the explosion and their amount. Still, the team was able to recover several hard drives from the process control systems and this added to the amount of the surety in preparing the final report. Additionally, equipment and apparatus such as the indicators and valves were collected for testing and inspections on their durability, efficiency and reliability (Hopkins, 2008). 商业论文代写
Close range of the gathered information indicated a likelihood that abnormal pressure developed in the production tower, allowing relief valves to open.
This allowed emission of volatile gasoline substances out of 10 by 20 feet drum (Samet, 2009, p.122). In other words, the liquid vapor mixture overflowed in the drums that were erected to hold them. Testimonies were recorded from witnesses who asserted that they saw clouds of vaporizing fuel out of the tall tanks, and they were cascading to the ground. The build-up of excessive pressure was attributed by:
- Excessive thermal energy in the column
- Water at high temperatures would have enhanced the steam generation
- Tightness testing would have accelerated pressure
- Inaccuracies from poor feeding methods
译文：
背景 商业论文代写
2005 年 3 月 23 日，英国石油德克萨斯城发生爆炸，夺走了 15 人的生命，造成 170 多人受伤。 BP 是石油的所有者，Transocean 拥有钻井平台，而哈里伯顿 (Halliburton) 则加固了隔离墙。这些公司相互推卸责任，呼吁采取行动调查这场灾难的原因。 BP 在政府和非政府组织的严密审查下开展业务。公众就此次打击的调查方式以及政府应采取的适当方式对他们所造成的损失进行赔偿发表了意见。
逐渐地，这起事件的现场得到了保护；联邦政府突然对受影响的州和哀悼的公民表示关注，以避免因未能支持其忠诚者而受到任何形式的经济强加和制裁（Magner，2011，第 46 页）。调查组受命进行大规模调查，以确定爆炸的根本原因。在致命突发事件管理小组的回应后不久，调查小组就开始收集本应整合和提交的证据。实际调查在发生地点进行了 5 周的时间。该团队召集了包括工程师和员工在内的承包商团队。
此举是在寻求表达对死者福祉的关切，并为未来应对和安全问题采取管控措施的重要性奠定了基础。
此外，该团队还礼貌地走访了周围的社区，以广泛了解爆炸是如何发生的。成员采访了证人，收集了可用的文件和记录，包括烧焦的文件和记录。他们还提供了由证人填写的公开问卷。他们花了更多时间拍摄照片，因为这将为该事件的严重性提供具体证据。取样是为了进行化学测试，这将有助于；分析毒素水平、导致爆炸的关键物质的化学成分及其数量。尽管如此，该团队还是能够从过程控制系统中恢复几个硬盘驱动器，这增加了准备最终报告的担保金额。此外，还收集了指示器和阀门等设备和仪器，以对其耐用性、效率和可靠性进行测试和检查（霍普金斯，2008 年）。
收集到的信息的密切范围表明生产塔中可能出现异常压力，从而允许安全阀打开。
这允许从 10 x 20 英尺桶中排放挥发性汽油物质（Samet，2009，第 122 页）。换句话说，液体蒸汽混合物在为容纳它们而竖立的桶中溢出。目击者记录了证词，他们声称他们看到从高大的油箱中冒出正在蒸发的燃料云，并且这些云层层叠在地上。压力过大的原因是：
- 柱内热能过多
- 高温下的水会增加蒸汽的产生
- 密封性测试会加速压力
- 喂养方法不当导致的不准确性
Engineering failures
It emerged that, there were several areas in the production and development lines of the company where a significant amount of negligence and ignorance surged. In regard to corporate safety culture, the investigating board realized that the British Board did not possess good process safety leadership. One of the witnesses testified that he heard the victims crying out loudly for help but he couldn’t access help to them. 商业论文代写
Still, managers at Texas City did not empower workers into the corporate safety culture. It was evident that these managers afforded poor safety resources to their employees and thus became too cumbersome for the rescue mission when this incidence emerged. Unison and oneness was not a portion of the operation of this refinery company thus accelerating to poor decision making at the grip of this tragedy.
The management system in the British Petroleum did not comply with the internal process safety standards.
The level of competence of the engineering company that installed the piping system for the company was merely irresolute and desolate. The corporate management system was immeasurable and ineffective to high degrees. Furthermore, the BP corporate on safety information was flawed and therefore emerged ineffectively in controlling this incident. 商业论文代写
Unfortunately, the Texas City Managers did not create an effecting reporting culture to its employees. The mechanical integrity programs to maintain instrument and equipment were obsolete and of low quality, only a few units consisted of sophisticated machining programs. Moreover, vehicle traffic policies were not effectively implemented as this would guarantee safety through establishing safe distances from the processing boundaries.
It was beyond doubt that the management team rarely offered training programs to its staffs. It is expected that quick action would be taken in such occurrence but this didn’t happen. The computerized control systems were not effective in curbing this challenge despite their availability. Still, ineffective communication was demonstrated as the implication of data transfer and shift changes were not inherent. One of the witnesses testified hearing of desperate cries over handheld radio phone but his attempts to communicate to the human resource person were limited.
译文：
工程故障 商业论文代写
可以看出，该公司的生产和开发线中有几个领域存在大量疏忽和无知。在企业安全文化方面，调查委员会意识到英国委员会不具备良好的过程安全领导能力。其中一名目击者作证说，他听到受害者大声呼救，但他无法获得帮助。
尽管如此，得克萨斯城的管理人员并未授权员工参与企业安全文化。很明显，这些管理人员为他们的员工提供的安全资源很差，因此当发生这种情况时，救援任务变得过于繁琐。团结一致不是这家炼油公司运营的一部分，因此在这场悲剧的控制下加速做出错误的决策。
英国石油的管理系统不符合内部过程安全标准。
为公司安装管道系统的工程公司的能力水平只是犹豫不决和荒凉。企业管理制度不可估量，效率低下。此外，BP公司在安全信息方面存在缺陷，因此无法有效控制此次事件。
不幸的是，德克萨斯城市经理没有为其员工创造一种有效的报告文化。维护仪器和设备的机械完整性程序已经过时且质量低下，只有少数单元包含复杂的加工程序。此外，车辆交通政策没有得到有效实施，因为这将通过与加工边界建立安全距离来保证安全。
毫无疑问，管理团队很少为其员工提供培训课程。预计在这种情况下会采取快速行动，但这并没有发生。尽管可用，但计算机控制系统并不能有效地遏制这一挑战。尽管如此，由于数据传输和班次变化的含义不是固有的，因此证明了无效的沟通。一名目击者作证说，通过手持无线电电话听到了绝望的呼喊声，但他与人力资源人员沟通的尝试受到了限制。
An ethical analysis
According to the individualistic business theory, any obligation for the company is to make a profit. The cause of the first series of explosion was due to overfilling their machines and leaving them to overheat without involving appropriate cooling systems. Although the operation was intended to make more profits, the move would tend to cost the company more than it would have incurred by instilling safety measures. BP took responsibility for the entire damage and also suffered the negative impact through publicity. In order to maximize profits; the company must maintain safety to its workers.
Considering utilitarianism theory, any company should ensure that they maintain happiness to themselves and also to the other in a balanced manner.
Neither side should be overlooked. The major parts of utilitarianism are egoism (maximizing happiness in a business) and altruism (maximizing happiness to others). It is obvious that the occurrence triggered grief and agony and thus happiness was compromised. It seems like though the BP Company was trying to keep balance in making profits and safeguarding the employees, it failed by tipping its scale. The negative reputation of the company would be directed to the employees who were working for the company. Still, the customers who would be taken as the stakeholders lost trust with the company out of their irresponsibility and carelessness in its operations. 商业论文代写
Kantian theory of business has got four parts. These are; respecting of others, allowing rationality, rationality in decision making and aspects of good will. Focusing on the emergence at BP, the company respected others because it took responsibility without shifting blame to others. However, it is with no doubt that the operations in the company didn’t portray any rationality out of overfilling the storage tanks trying to accomplish more with insufficiently spending on equipment. More so, the decision didn’t manifest any good will.
By considering the Virtue theory, any business should be keen on virtues such as honesty, justice, control and courage.
Through application of this theory, it is clear that the BP made several ethical violations. For instance, the top management opted to be silent despite overfilling of the tanks and their overutilisation to the point of overheating just because they would count on more money. This is indicative of dishonest and greediness of the management team. The financial settlement made to the families of the victims so as to ease the situation was not worthy move by the BP Company. It is obvious that the company was trying to make up for the mistake done. Even though, no amount of money can buy back lives of human beings. 商业论文代写
In order to prevent similar incidences in future, the OSHA and the refining industry had to step in to create more assurance of safety to the surrounding communities and the general environment. This entailed reporting highly hazardous chemicals and effective procedures of controlling their harm were included. The U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board in collaboration with other health professionals provided guidelines on how to achieve these measures.
译文：
伦理分析 商业论文代写
根据个人主义商业理论，公司的任何义务都是盈利。第一次系列爆炸的原因是由于他们的机器装得太满并导致它们在没有适当冷却系统的情况下过热。尽管此次行动旨在赚取更多利润，但此举往往会使公司付出的代价高于采取安全措施所产生的成本。 BP 承担了整个损失的责任，并通过宣传遭受了负面影响。为了利润最大化；公司必须维护其员工的安全。
考虑到功利主义理论，任何公司都应该确保他们以平衡的方式维护自己和他人的幸福。
任何一方都不应被忽视。功利主义的主要部分是利己主义（最大化企业的幸福感）和利他主义（最大化他人的幸福感）。很明显，这件事引发了悲伤和痛苦，从而损害了幸福。看起来，尽管 BP 公司试图在盈利和保护员工方面保持平衡，但由于规模缩小而失败了。公司的负面声誉将针对为公司工作的员工。尽管如此，被视为利益相关者的客户由于在运营中的不负责任和粗心大意而失去了对公司的信任。
康德商业理论分为四个部分。这些是;尊重他人，允许理性、理性决策和善意方面。围绕BP的崛起，公司尊重他人，因为它承担了责任，不推卸责任。然而，毫无疑问，公司的运营并没有表现出任何合理性，即过度填充储罐以试图在设备支出不足的情况下完成更多工作。更重要的是，这个决定没有表现出任何善意。
通过考虑美德理论，任何企业都应该热衷于诚实、正义、控制和勇气等美德。
通过应用这一理论，很明显 BP 犯了几项道德违规行为。例如，高层管理人员选择保持沉默，尽管油箱装得太满了，而且过度使用到了过热的地步，只是因为他们指望更多的钱。这表明管理团队的不诚实和贪婪。为缓解事态而对遇难者家属进行经济和解，不值得BP公司采取行动。很明显，该公司正试图弥补所犯的错误。即便如此，再多的钱也买不回人的生命。
为了防止未来发生类似事件，OSHA 和炼油行业必须介入，为周围社区和整体环境创造更多安全保障。这需要报告高度危险的化学品，并包括控制其危害的有效程序。美国化学品安全和危害调查委员会与其他卫生专业人员合作提供了如何实现这些措施的指南。
Were engineers limited in exercising their skills for total assurance of safety?
From the research taken, it emerged that the exchange of heat between the base of the tower and the feeder might have been the cause of the pressure developed, leading to temperatures increase and consequently emit of the excess gasoline. Still, the presence of water in high temperature zones could have contributed to a rapid increase of pressure. Some of the samples of the feed from the Raffinate showed that they had little amounts of water. This suggests that the design of some of this equipment might not be in the best form and therefore demanded to be improved. 商业论文代写
Any specialist engineers can take stands without a doubt that challenges that lead to systemic failures can be were as a result of inadequacy in technological know how. These would have entailed adequate knowledge in software, operating machine and maintenance of equipment for processing and storage. A number of educators and skilled engineers have tried to offer promising social-technical approaches to curb these disastrous incidents (Reed, 2011, p. 119). Below is an example of engineering view of risk management that has been of great significance in realization of development, antithesis to failures encountered.
译文：
工程师在行使技能以确保安全方面是否受到限制？
研究表明，塔底和进料器之间的热交换可能是压力产生的原因，导致温度升高，从而排放出多余的汽油。尽管如此，高温区域中水的存在可能会导致压力的快速增加。来自残液的一些进料样品表明它们含有少量水。这表明其中一些设备的设计可能不是最佳形式，因此需要改进。
任何专业工程师都可以毫无疑问地表明，导致系统故障的挑战可能是技术知识不足的结果。这些将需要在软件、操作机器和维护处理和存储设备方面具备足够的知识。许多教育工作者和熟练的工程师试图提供有希望的社会技术方法来遏制这些灾难性事件（Reed，2011，第 119 页）。以下是风险管理的工程视图示例，它对实现开发具有重要意义，与遇到的故障相反。
From the above flow, it is clear that a detrimental situation may arise out of undesirable and dysfunctional relationship.
Algorithmically, the system shows some forms of polynomial interactions that should be exercised so as to promote safety engineering. There is great importance for engineers to respond to any predictable complications in the engineered systems. If the knowledge of complex science was applied in the firms where these disasters occurred, then it would be easier to avert them. 商业论文代写
Multi-perspective modelling is a methodology that would be fruitful when put in practice. In this approach, an engineer can design different forms of structures for varied purposes. In BP, the reactors would have been embedded in these models thus creating timely means to label the condition. The behaviours of the reactors and the progression of the production would be attained at the time, either in normal or abnormal states.
The insight from both complexity science and multi-perspective model can be used in developing hybrid intelligence systems that can help a man in diagnostic support in real time. The robotic principle has been of great gain in production firms and most noticeable is in surveillance of hazard prone locations. It is noted that, first principles of empirical methods are crucial in making models that are able to match a better hybridization (Hazard Xix, 2006, p. 48)
译文：
从上面的流程中，很明显，不利的情况可能源于不良和功能失调的关系。
从算法上讲，该系统显示了一些形式的多项式相互作用，应该进行练习以促进安全工程。工程师应对工程系统中任何可预测的复杂性非常重要。如果将复杂科学的知识应用于发生这些灾难的公司，则更容易避免它们。
多视角建模是一种在实践中卓有成效的方法论。在这种方法中，工程师可以为不同的目的设计不同形式的结构。在 BP 中，反应堆将嵌入这些模型中，从而及时创建标记条件的方法。反应器的行为和生产的进展将在当时获得，无论是在正常状态还是异常状态。
来自复杂性科学和多视角模型的洞察力可用于开发混合智能系统，帮助人们实时提供诊断支持。机器人原理在生产公司中获得了巨大收益，最引人注目的是对危险场所的监视。值得注意的是，经验方法的首要原则对于制作能够匹配更好杂交的模型至关重要（Hazard Xix, 2006, p. 48）
Recommendations
The contribution of engineers is still instrumental for smooth-running of the production processes. These specialists have an understanding of thermodynamics, reaction processes, quantitative measurement and intensive mathematical approaches for different phenomena. The management team should campaign for the need of communication and exercise oneness in any production work so as to realize development to full potential. 商业论文代写
We should be expecting the emergence of some of this production hazards but there is an immense urge for attention in order avert their impact (Jennings, 2012, p.164).
译文：
建议 商业论文代写
工程师的贡献仍然有助于生产过程的平稳运行。 这些专家了解热力学、反应过程、定量测量和针对不同现象的深入数学方法。 管理团队在任何生产工作中都应争取沟通的需要，团结一致，以实现充分发展。
我们应该预料到会出现一些这种生产危害，但为了避免它们的影响，人们迫切希望得到关注（Jennings，2012，第 164 页）。
Conclusion
This paper has examined cases that predisposed BP’s accident claiming lives of many people. It has been evidenced that marketed public governance failed in its duty to protect the environment and society at large. More so, the evidence indicates that private governance i.e. BP’s board and its committee in charge of monitoring safety and health matters failed in these responsibilities. It is with no doubt that an outstanding corporate organization is ineffective in caring for its people and the natural environment.
译文：
结论 商业论文代写
本文研究了导致 BP 事故导致许多人丧生的案例。 事实证明，市场化公共治理未能履行保护环境和整个社会的职责。 更重要的是，证据表明私人治理，即 BP 的董事会及其负责监督安全和健康事务的委员会未能履行这些职责。 毫无疑问，一个优秀的企业组织在关爱员工和自然环境方面是无效的。
References 商业论文代写
Hopkins, A. (2008). Failure to learn: The BP Texas City refinery disaster. Sydney, N.S.W: CCH Australia.Hazards Xix: Process Safety and Environmental Protection : What Do We Know? Where Are We Going?Rugby: Institution of Chemical Engineers, 2006. Print.
Jennings, Marianne. Business Ethics: Case Studies and Selected Readings. Australia: South-Western, Cengage Learning, 2012. Print.
Magner, Mike. Poisoned Legacy: The Human Cost of Bp’s Rise to Power. New York: St.Martin’s Press, 2011. Print.
Reed, Stanley, and Alison Fitzgerald. In Too Deep: Bp and the Drilling Race That Took It Down. Hoboken, N.J: Bloomberg Press, 2011. Print.
Samet, Robert H. Long-range Futures Research: An Application of Complexity Science. S.l.:Booksurge Llc, 2009. Print
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