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医学essay代写 超声波essay代写

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医学essay代写

B-mode Artefact Reduction in ultrasound using apodisation and spatial compounding

医学essay代写 In the medical world, ultrasound has become an essential technique in carrying out therapy and diagnosis. Ultrasound is mainly used to scan

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In the medical world, ultrasound has become an essential technique in carrying out therapy and diagnosis. Ultrasound is mainly used to scan the fetus in the womb, and checking the health status of various anatomical features of the body such as the heart. There are several problems that are encountered during this process, which result in blurred images. These problems are referred to as artifacts, which include reverberation, multi-path reflection, and enhancement. Speckle and clutter may also occur obscuring the resolution of the image. These artifacts obscure essential features during diagnosis, for example, heart wall deformities, atherosclerotic vessel malady, and other abnormalities that may be present inside the body (Tay, Acton and Hossack, 2010).医学essay代写

Reverberation artifacts results when there is a back and forth reflection of the ultrasound energy that is already reflected. The reflection occurs during acquisition of the signal and before transmission of the next pulse between two interfaces. Enhancement artifacts occur because of a hypersensitive signal occurring during distal occurrence of an utterly low attenuation to a transducer. Multi-path reflection artifacts result during non-perpendicular refraction or reflection of an ultrasound beam from a very reflective surface, which is then detected at the transducer.

医学essay代写
医学essay代写

B-mode artifacts are also common in the imaging system of the ultrasound. It is indispensable to reduce the artifacts in order to enhance the ultrasound images for a clear revelation of the borders and motions of the heart tissues and muscles. The underlying tissues or muscles are unveiled by the reduction or total removal of the artifacts. Various techniques are useful in the reduction of these artifacts and include spatial compounding and apodization (Amir et al. 2013).


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在医学界,超声已成为进行治疗和诊断的一项必不可少的技术。超声波主要用于扫描子宫内的胎儿,检查心脏等身体各种解剖特征的健康状况。在这个过程中遇到了几个问题,导致图像模糊。这些问题被称为伪影,包括混响、多径反射和增强。也可能会出现斑点和杂波,使图像的分辨率变得模糊。这些伪影掩盖了诊断过程中的基本特征,例如,心脏壁畸形、动脉粥样硬化血管疾病以及可能存在于体内的其他异常(Tay、Acton 和 Hossack,2010)。

当已经反射的超声能量来回反射时,会产生混响伪影。反射发生在信号采集期间和下一个脉冲在两个界面之间传输之前。由于在远端发生对换能器的完全低衰减期间出现的超敏感信号而出现增强伪影。多路径反射伪影在超声波束从反射性很强的表面非垂直折射或反射期间产生,然后在换能器处检测到。

B 模式伪影在超声成像系统中也很常见。为了增强超声图像以清晰显示心脏组织和肌肉的边界和运动,减少伪影是必不可少的。通过减少或完全去除伪影,可以揭开下面的组织或肌肉。各种技术可用于减少这些伪影,包括空间复合和切趾(Amir 等人,2013 年)。


Real-time spatial compounding is a technique used in ultrasounding to enhance the quality of the image. 医学essay代写

It does this by combining different images taken from various insonation angles into one image by utilizing their sonographic information. This technique is necessarily beneficial in improving the quality of musculoskeletal, breast and vascular system images. The technique is steered by electronic beams of a transducer array that obtains about nine overlapping images of a substance from various angles.医学essay代写

An average of the single-angled images is used to come up with a multi angled compound image. The image is then modernized in real time with every single scan. The resultant image has less clutter, artifacts, and speckle as compared to that obtained conventionally. Advanced spatial compounding techniques enable quality enhancement without frame rate reduction by use of the three transducers to acquire data. B-mode images obtained using the new technique have enhanced low contrast regions’ lateral resolution, detectability and visibility.医学essay代写

Apodization or tapering is a beam forming, mathematical technique used to reduce ‘ringing’ in a truncated interferogram. It is mainly used to correct side lobes. A new apodization technique called dual apodization with cross-correlation has been developed. This technique reduces clutter and evens out sidelobes in order to improve the contrast of the ultrasound image.


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实时空间复合是一种用于超声检查以提高图像质量的技术。医学essay代写

它通过利用超声信息将从不同声波角度拍摄的不同图像组合成一张图像来实现这一点。这种技术必然有利于提高肌肉骨骼、乳房和血管系统图像的质量。该技术由换能器阵列的电子束控制,从不同角度获得物质的大约九个重叠图像。

单角度图像的平均值用于提出多角度复合图像。然后每次扫描都会实时更新图像。与常规获得的图像相比,所得图像具有更少的杂波、伪影和斑点。先进的空间复合技术通过使用三个换能器来采集数据,可以在不降低帧率的情况下提高质量。使用新技术获得的 B 模式图像增强了低对比度区域的横向分辨率、可检测性和可见性。

变迹或锥形是一种波束成形数学技术,用于减少截断干涉图中的“振铃”。它主要用于校正旁瓣。已经开发了一种称为具有互相关的双变迹技术的新变迹技术。这种技术减少了杂波并使旁瓣均匀化,以提高超声图像的对比度。


Active array elements receive echo signals simultaneously, and then transmit the pulse using the Synthetic Transmit Aperture (STA) method in Hamming apodization. 医学essay代写

Sixty-four receiving elements and four transmitting elements are used. More energy is used to excite the innermost elements, thus reducing the transducer surface vibration in relation to the distance from the center. Therefore, the resulting image has the right resolution with a dynamic focus without reduction of the frame rate (Behar,  Adam and Friedman, 2003).


译文:

有源阵元同时接收回波信号,然后使用汉明变迹中的合成发射孔径(STA)方法发射脉冲。 医学essay代写

使用了六十四个接收元件和四个发射元件。 更多的能量用于激发最里面的元件,从而减少与中心距离相关的换能器表面振动。 因此,生成的图像具有正确的分辨率和动态焦点,而不会降低帧速率(Behar、Adam 和 Friedman,2003 年)。


Apodization Images

医学essay代写
医学essay代写

Image with apodization (Nikolov and Behar, 2005).

Image without apodization (Nikolov and Behar, 2005).

Spatial Compounding Images

医学essay代写
医学essay代写

An image from the shoulder of a 55-year old woman taken without spatial compounding (Lin et al. 2002)

An image from the shoulder of a 55-year old woman taken with spatial compounding (Lin et al. 2002)

References 医学essay代写

Amir, S, Chowdhry, B, Hashmani, M & Hasan, M (2013), ‘The Analysis of the Artifacts due to the Simultaneous Use of Two Ultrasound Probes with Different/Similar Operating Frequencies’, Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine Vol. 2013 Article ID 890170.医学essay代写

Behar, V, Adam, D & Friedman, Z (2003), A new method of spatial compounding imaging,  viewed 1 May 2013, >http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12788220<

Lin, D, Nazarian, L, O’Kane1, P, McShane, J, Parker, L & Merritt, C (2002), ‘Advantages of Real-Time Spatial Compound Sonography of the Musculoskeletal System Versus Conventional Sonography’, American Journal of Roentgenology Vol. 179, Issue 6.医学essay代写

Nikolov, M & Behar, V (2005)  ‘Analysis and Optimization of Synthetic Aperture Ultrasound Imaging Using the Effective Aperture Approach’, International Journal “Information Theories & Applications” Vol.12 pp. 257-264.

Tay,P, Acton, S & Hossack, J  (2010), A Wavelet Thresholding Method to Reduce Ultrasound Artifacts, Pub Med Central, viewed 1 May 2013, > http://pubmedcentralcanada.ca/pmcc<

医学essay代写
医学essay代写

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